of  tfce 

WLnibtv&itv  of  Jgortf)  Carolina 


Wbi£  book  toa£  presented 


(^3*11.^-1^1^ 


Educational  Publication  No.  110 


Division  of  Publications  No.  31 


Brogramg 


for 


pedal  Bapfii 


Robert  E.  Lee,  January  19 

Thomas  J.  Jackson,  January  21 

Temperance  or  Law  and  Order  Day,  January  28 

1927 


Published  by  the 

State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 

Raleigh,  N.  C. 


Vi;-:, 


INTRODUCTION 


Under  the  provision  of  section  368,  chapter  136,  Public  Laws  of  1923, 
a  day  known  as  Temperance  and  Law  or  Order  Day  is  set  aside  by  the 
General  Assembly  to  be  observed  in  the  public  schools,  and  the  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Instruction  is  required  under  the  act  to  prepare,  or 
cause  to  be  prepared,  a  suitable  program  of  exercises  whereby  the  chil- 
dren in  the  public  schools  of  the  State  may  duly  observe  this  day. 

Section  370  of  the  same  act  authorizes  the  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction  to  prepare,  or  cause  to  be  prepared,  a  program  suitable  for 
the  observance  in  the  schools  of  the  birthday  of  Robert  E.  Lee  and  the 
birthday  of  Thomas  J.  Jackson. 

As  these  three  special  days  all  come  in  the  month  of  January,  I  have 
caused  programs  to  be  prepared  for  each  of  these  three  days  and  to  be 
printed  in  the  same  bulletin  for  the  convenience  of  superintendents, 
principals,  and  teachers.  I  hereby,  under  the  authority  of  law,  designate 
Friday,  January  28th,  as  Temperance  and  Law  or  Order  Day.  These 
three  programs  are  printed  together  so  that  schools  may  use  them  all  on 
one  day,  provide  three  separate  exercises,  or  make  such  combinations 
in  each  case  as  may  seem  wise  to  the  teachers  and  to  the  administrative 
officers. 

Each  part  of  this  bulletin  was  prepared  by  a  separate  person,  Miss 
Pulghum  of  the  Division  of  School  Inspection  prepared  the  program  for 
the  observance  of  the  birthday  of  Robert  E.  Lee ;  Miss  Maycie  Southall 
of  the  Division  of  Rural  Supervision  prepared  the  program  for  the 
observance  of  the  birthday  of  Thomas  J.  Jackson;  and  Mrs.  T.  E. 
Johnston  of  the  Division  of  Teacher  Training  prepared  the  program 
for  the  observance  of  Temperance  and  Law  or  Order  Day. 

I  hope  all  the  school  officials  and  teachers  of  the  State  will  take 
these  special  days  into  account  and  give  due  consideration  to  their 
observance. 

State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction. 


/ 


'DUTY  is  the  sublimest  xoord  in  our  language." 

— Robebt  E.  Lee. 


PROGRAM 

GENERAL  ROBERT  E.  LEE'S  BIRTHDAY 

January  19,  1927 


I.  The  Lord's  Prayer. 

II.  Bible  Reading— Psalm  XXIV. 

III.  Hymn — Onward  Christian  Soldiers. 

IV.  Reading — Life  of  General  Lee. 

His  Boyhood. 

At  West  Point. 

The  Young  Engineer  and   Soldier. 

General  Lee,  The  Great  Leader. 

Appomattox. 

Lee — The  Educator. 

V.     Poem — The  Sword   of  Lee. 

VI.     Hymn — How  Firm  a  Foundation. 

VII.     Recitations — Some  Incidents  In  His  Life. 

"Old  Nat." 

His  Letter  to  His  Son. 

The  Friend  of  Little  Children. 

Traveler. 

VIII.  Song— Dixie. 

IX.  Reading — Lee,  The  Christian  Gentleman. 

X."  Poem— Little  Giffen. 

XL  Poem — The  Blue  and  the  Gray. 

XII.  Song— America. 

XIII.  Song— The  Old  North  State. 


SUGGESTED  MATERIAL  FOR  PROGRAM 


THE  LIFE  OF  ROBERT  E.  LEE* 
His  Boyhood 

Westmoreland  County,  Virginia,  is  a  little  county  lying  between  the 
Kappahannock  and  Potomac  rivers.  It  is  not  more  than  thirty  miles 
long,  and  about  half  as  broad,  but  it  has  probably  given  our  country 
more  great  men  than  any  other  spot  of  its  size  in  the  United  States. 
George  Washington  was  born  there,  and  James  Monroe,  as  were  also  the 
famous, Lees — Eichard  Henry,  Francis  Lightfoot,  Arthur,  and  "Light 
Horse  Harry." 

General  Henry  Lee,  Eobert  Edward  Lee's  father,  was  known  as  "Light 
Horse  Harry  Lee."  He  served  in  the  army  under  George  Washington, 
and  later  on  was  in  Congress.  When  Washington  died,  he  prepared 
the  Memorial  Address,  containing  the  famous  words,  "first  in  war,  first 
in  peace,  first  in  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen."  Robert's  mother  was 
Anne  Carter,  of  Virginia,  a  good  and  noble  woman. 

Stratford,  the  Lee  home,  was  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  interesting 
of  the  Colonial  mansions  of  Virginia.  Its  timbers  were  of  solid  hewn 
oak  of  great  size,  and  the  brick  used  in  the  building  were  brought  from 
England.  It  contained  seventeen  rooms,  besides  the  great  hall,  and  on 
the  roof  were  two  pavilions  or  summer  houses  made  with  the  chimneys 
for  columns  and  connected  by  a  gallery.  From  them  was  seen  the  broad 
and  stately  Potomac  River.  Around  the  house  were  great  oaks,  cedars, 
and  maples,  and  the  drive  through  the  grounds  led  to  a  magnificent 
grove  of  maples.  There  were,  in  addition  to  the  house,  four  large  offices, 
the  kitchen,  and  stables  to  accommodate  perhaps  a  hundred  horses. 
The  house  is  still  standing. 

In  this  home,  on  January  19th,  1807,  was  born  Robert  Edward  Lee. 
The  room  in  which  he  was  born  was  the  same  one  in  which  two  signers 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  had  also  been  born.  It  was  a  fine, 
splendid  home,  and  stood  for  honor,  sincerity,  and  patriotism.  The 
little  boy,  who  was  surrounded  by  books,  by  portraits  of  soldiers  and 
statesmen,  by  beautiful  silver  and  china  and  mahogany,  loved  and  re- 
membered always  this  beautiful  home. 

When  Robert  was  four  years  old,  his  father  moved  with  his  family  to 
Alexandria  that  his  children  might  have  better  opportunities  for  an 
education;  but  as  the  boy  grew  older,  he  was  often  at  Stratford,  and 
also  spent  much  time  at  Shirley  on  the  James  River,  which  was  the 
beautiful  home  of  his  mother's  father,  Charles  Carter.  At  both  places, 
he  took  part  in  the  sports  and  games :  shot  patridges,  ducks,  and  geese ; 

*  Acknowledgment    is    made    to    Houghton-Mifflin    Co.    for    helpful    material    from 
'Life  of  Robert  E.  Lee  for  Boys  and  Girls"  by  Hamilton  and  Hamilton. 


fished,  rowed,  and  sailed ;  swam  in  the  summer,  and  skated  in  the  winter. 
He  spent  much  time  on  horseback,  and  became  an  expert  horseman.  He 
roamed  freely  through  the  woods  and  fields,  and  loved  out-of-door  life 
always. 

It  was  two  years  after  the  Lees  moved  to  Alexandria  that  General 
Henry  Lee  went  to  the  "West  Indies,  that  journey  from  which  he  never 
returned  to  Virginia.  He  died  five  years  later,  when  Robert  was  only 
eleven. 

Although  Robert's  father  went  out  of  his  life  so  early,  his  mother  was 
left  to  him.  She  was  his  dearest  friend,  for  she  was  the  sort  of  mother 
a  boy  could  have  for  a  friend.  Her  thoughts  were  always  of  her  chil- 
dren, left  entirely  to  her  care,  and  her  life  was  filled  with  good  works. 
When  her  two  older  sons  left  her,  one  for  Harvard  College,  the  other 
for  the  Navy,  she  gave  all  her  attention  to  the  little  fellow  who  was 
left  at  home,  and  his  two  little  sisters.  His  father  wrote  of  him  from 
the  West  Indies,  "Robert  was  always  good,"  and,  striving  to  keep  him 
so,  Mrs.  Lee  taught  him  to  think  always  of  doing  right.  This  thought 
stayed  with  him  throughout  his  whole  life,  for  had  not  his  father  said 
that  a  "Virginian's  sons  should  be  taught  to  always  tell  the  truth"? 
He  was  taught  industry,  self-denial,  self-control,  truth,  religion.  He 
was  taught  the  lessons  of  honor  and  pride.  Patriotism  he  was  born  to, 
and  he  learned  more  of  it  through  his  school  days  at  Alexandria.  The 
place  made  him  think  of  "the  Father  of  his  Country,"  and  as  Washing- 
ton became  the  hero  and  ideal  of  Lee's  boyhood,  so  he  was  in  many  ways 
the  model  of  his  manhood,  for  the  study  of  Washington  teaches  patri- 
otism. 

Robert's  first  teacher  in  Alexandria  was  a  gentleman  named  Mr. 
Leary,  under  whom  the  boy  made  rapid  progress.  He  did  unusually 
well  in  Latin  and  Greek.  He  and  Mr.  Leary  were  always  devoted 
friends. 

Then  he  went  to  a  well-known  school  in  Alexandria,  taught  by  Mr. 
Benjamin  Hallowell,  who  always  spoke  of  Robert  as  a  fine  young  man, 
and  in  later  years,  he  wrote  of  his  pupil : 

"He  was  a  most  exemplary  student  in  every  respect.  He  was  never 
behind  time  in  his  studies ;  never  failed  in  a  single  recitation ;  was 
perfectly  observant  of  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  institution;  was 
gentle,  manly,  and  respectful  to  all  his  teachers  and  fellow-students. 
His  specialty  was  finishing  up.  He  imparted  a  neatness  to  everything 
he  undertook." 

In  the  Episcopal  School  at  Alexandria  he  received  careful  religious 
training,  but  no  doubt  the  deepest  lessons  that  he  learned  were  those 
that  came  from  his  mother's  lips  and  life. 

Not  every  young  man  of  seventeen  is  strong  enough  to  carry  his 

mother  about  in  his  arms  and  yet  suffer  no  harm  from  it.    But  young 

Robert  Lee  did  it  many  times ;  and  his  erect,  strong  body  bore  the  weight 

without  the  slightest  harm.    Passers-by  on  Orinoco  Street,  Alexandria, 


Virginia,  must  have  often  seen  Robert,  hurrying  home  after  school — 
bring  out  his  mother  in  his  arms,  and  place  her  carefully  in  the  com- 
fortable old  family  coach.  "Are  you  quite  comfortable,  mother?"  he 
asked  regularly,  after  he  had  settled  her  among  the  cushions  of  the  big 
coach.  And  when  sometimes  the  damp,  chill  wind  blew  up  the  river, 
he  laughingly  brought  out  some  newspapers,  and,  with  his  pocket-knife, 
made  curtains  to  keep  out  the  drafts  of  air.  This  amused  Mrs.  Lee 
very  much. 

His  mother  was  an  invalid,  and  he  spent  most  of  his  time,  when  out  of 
school,  with  her.  As  her  strength  failed,  the  boy  took  many  cares 
upon  himself.  He  went  to  market,  carried  the  big  bunch  of  keys,  cared 
for  the  horses,  and  took  charge  of  the  home.  Do  you  wonder  that, 
when  he  left  for  "West  Point,  his  mother  said,  "How  can  I  do  without 
Robert?    He  is  both  son  and  daughter  to  me." 

Though  he  was  gentle,  tender,  and  loving,  he  was  also  a  manly, 
honorable  boy.  He  liked  all  sports,  especially  hunting,  and  grew  to 
be  a  very  strong  boy,  loving  fun,  and  jokes  with  his  friends. 

As  Robert  grew  older,  he  began  to  plan  for  the  future,  for  he  was 
anxious  to  be  able  to  support  himself.  Remembering  that  his  father 
had  been  a  soldier,  he  chose  that  as  his  career.  His  brother  was  already 
in  the  Navy,  so  Lee  applied  for  an  appointment  to  West  Point,  and 
received  it  for  the  term  beginning  in  1825. 

Life  at  West  Point 

When  Robert  was  eighteen,  he  entered  the  Academy  at  West  Point. 
Here  he  wore  a  uniform  of  gray,  with  black  trimmings  and  gilt  buttons. 
The  collar  was  so  high  it  touched  the  tips  of  his  ears.  The  trousers 
were  so  short  that  they  came  above  the  shoe  tops,  in  spite  of  having 
straps  which  went  under  the  feet.  The  cap  was  seven  inches  high, 
made  of  leather,  and  trimmed  with  a  plume,  a  cord,  and  a  gilt  medallion 
with  TJ.  S.  on  it. 

The  rooms  had  very  little  furniture  in  them.  At  night  narrow 
mattresses  were  spread  on  the  floor.  The  cadets  made  their  own  fires. 
The  blaze  had  to  be  started  with  flint,  steel  and  tinder,  as  there  were 
no   matches. 

The  Academy  stood  for  strict  obedience.  The  breaking  of  rules  was 
promptly  punished.  During  his  entire  four  years,  Robert  Lee  never 
received  a  demerit  or  any  punishment.  He  liked  the  military  drill, 
for  he  was  a  born  soldier.  He  was  steadily  promoted,  until,  in  his  last 
year,  he  was  made  adjutant  of  the  battalion.  Pun  came  in  the  half- 
holidays  on  Saturday,  with  long  walks,  good  hunting,  skating  and 
riding.  He  made  many  friends,  and  these  friendships  lasted  through- 
out his  life.     One  of  his  best  friends  was  Joseph  E.  Johnston. 

Lee  graduated  second  in  a  class  of  forty-six  members.  He  was  not 
only  a  handsome  young  soldier,  who  stood  easily,  with  squared  shoulders, 


five  feet  eleven  in  height,  but  he  was  a  brave  and  true  gentleman,  of 
fine  manners. 

The  Young  Engineer  and  Soldier 

After  leaving  West  Point,  Robert  Lee  entered  the  Engineer  Corps 
of  the  United  States  Army,  and  became  Lieutenant  Lee.  He  was  sent 
to  work  on  the  fortifications  at  Hampton  Roads. 

About  this  time,  his  dear  mother  grew  quite  ill.  He  sat  by  her  bed- 
side day  and  night,  and  gave  her  all  her  food  and  medicine  with  his 
own  hands.  But  his  great  care  and  love  could  not  save  her.  He  always 
said  that  he  "owed  everything"  to  his  dear  mother. 

Lee  did  not  stop  his  studies  with  his  graduation  from  the  Academy, 
but  through  hard  work  was  promoted  and  stationed  at  Washington,  as 
assistant  to  the  chief  engineer.  A  short  while  before  this,  he  married 
Mary  Custis,  a  charming  young  woman,  who  was  the  great  grand- 
daughter of  Mrs.  George  Washington,  and  came  to  live  at  Arlington, 
a  very  beautiful  old  place  on  the  Potomac  River. 

Later  on  his  work  as  engineer  took  him  to  St.  Louis  to  build  dams 
and  piles  to  save  the  city  from  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi.  From 
St.  Louis  he  went  to  ISTew  York  to  plan  and  build  new  forts  to  protect 
that  city. 

When  war  was  declared  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico, 
Captain  Lee  went  to  Mexico  with  the  army  and  fought  all  through 
the  war.  He  was  very  brave,  working  day  and  night,  building  forts  and 
fighting  battles.  General  Scott  said  that  his  success  in  Mexico  was 
largely  due  to  the  skill  and  valor  of  Robert  E.  Lee,  and  that  he  was  the 
best  soldier  that  he  ever  saw  in  the  field. 

In  the  midst  of  all  this  fighting,  his  boys  at  home  were  ever  in  his 
thoughts.  This  is  a  part  of  what  he  wrote  to  his  son  Custis  on  Christ- 
mas-Eve, 1846 :  "I  hope  good  Santa  Claus  will  fill  my  Bob's  stocking 
tonight ;  that  Mildred's,  Agnes's,  and  Anna's  may  break  down  with  good 
things.  I  do  not  know  what  he  may  have  for  you  and  Mary,  but  if 
he  leaves  you  one-half  of  what  I  wish,  you  will  want  for  nothing.  I 
think  if  I  had  one  of  you  on  each  side  of  me,  riding  on  ponies,  I  would 
be  quite  happy." 

JSTot  long  after,  he  wrote  to  his  boys  thus :  "The  ponies  here  cost  from 
ten  to  fifty  dollars.  I  have  three  horses,  but  Creole  is  my  pet.  She  is  a 
golden  dun  color,  and  takes  me  over  all  the  ditches  I  have  yet  met 
with." 

When  the  war  was  at  last  ended,  in  1848,  Captain  Lee  went  home  for 
a  short  rest,  after  which  he  was  sent  to  West  Point,  as  the  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Academy  from  which  he  had  graduated  twenty-three 
years  before.  His  duty  was  to  watch  over  the  studies  and  training  of 
the  boys  who  would  one  day  be  officers  in  the  army. 

After  three  years  at  West  Point,  he  was  sent  to  Texas  as  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  of  the   Second   Regiment   of   Cavalry.      Out   in   Texas,   many 


9 

hardships  were  endured  and  life  was  very  lonely.  In  one  of  his  letters 
home,  he  wrote : 

"The  great  heat  has  made  much  sickness  among  the  men.  The  chil- 
dren, too,  have  suffered.  A  bright  little  boy  died  from  it  a  few  days 
since.  He  was  the  only  child,  and  his  parents  were  much  grieved  at 
his  loss.  .  .  .  For  the  first  time  in  my  life,  I  read  the  service  of 
our  church  over  the  grave,  to  a  large  number  of  soldiers."  A  few  days 
later,  he  again  read  the  service  over  a  little  boy  who  had  died. 

In  a  long  letter  from  Fort  Brown,  Texas,  December,  1856,  he  says: 

"I  thought  of  you  and  wished  to  be  with  you."  He  wrote  again, 
"Though  absent,  my  heart  will  be  in  the  midst  of  you;  I  can  do  noth- 
ing but  love  and  pray  for  you  all.  My  daily  walks  are  alone,  up  and 
down  the  banks  of  the  river,  and  my  chief  pleasure  comes  from  my 
own  thoughts,  and  from  the  sight  of  the  flowers  and  animals  I  meet 
Avith  here."  In  the  midst  of  his  wild,  lonely  life  his  thoughts  were  much 
with  God  and  he  was  ever  true  to  his  faith  in  Christ. 

Once  when  Colonel  Lee  was  at  home  on  a  furlough  he  was  ordered  to 
Harper's  Ferry  to  capture  John  Brown  and  his  men,  who  had  taken 
charge  of  the  United  States  arsenal.  Brown  and  his  men  were  quickly 
taken  prisoners,  then  tried  and  hung  for  treason. 

Colonel  Lee  left  Texas  in  1S61  to  return  to  Washington  and  his  family 
at  Arlington — a  brave,  splendid  man,  ready  always  to  do  his  duty. 

General  Robert  E.  Lee — The  Great  Leader 

When  at  last  the  trouble  between  the  ISTorth  and  South  meant  war, 
Colonel  Lee  was  offered  the  chief  command  of  the  United  States  Army ; 
but  listen  to  his  reply,  "If  I  owned  four  millions  of  slaves,  I  would 
cheerfully  sacrifice  them  to  the  preservation  of  the  Union,  but  to  lift 
my  hand  against  my  own  State  and  people  is  impossible." 

Again  he  was  asked  to  change  his  mind.  All  that  day,  and  the  next, 
Lee  thought  over  the  question.  The  night  of  April  19th  he  spent  walk- 
ing the  floor,  or  kneeling  to  pray  for  God's  guidance  in  making  his  final 
decision.  At  last  he  saw  where  his  duty  lay.  He  came  downstairs, 
and  said  to  his  wife,  "Well,  Mary,  the  question  is  settled.  Here  is  my 
letter  of  resignation,  and  a  letter  I  have  written  General  Scott."  These 
were  the  letters : 

Arlington,  Va.,  April  20.  1861. 

General : 

Since  my  interview  with  you  on  the  18th  inst,  I  have  felt  that  I  ought  no 
longer  to  retain  my  commission  in  the  Army.  I  therefore  tender  my  resig- 
nation, which  I  request  you  will  recommend  for  acceptance.  It  would  have 
been  presented  at  once,  but  for  the  struggle  it  has  cost  me  to  separate  myself 
from  a  service  to  which  I  have  devoted  all  the  best  years  of  my  life  and 
all  the  ability  I  possessed. 

During  the  whole  of  that  time — more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century — I  have 
experienced  nothing  but  kindness  from  my  superiors,  and  the  most  cordial 


friendship  from  rny  comrades.  To  no  one,  General,  have  I  been  as  much 
indebted  as  to  yourself  for  uniform  kindness  and  consideration,  and  it  has 
always  been  my  ardent  desire  to  meet  your  approbation.  I  shall  carry  to  the 
grave  the  most  grateful  recollections  of  your  kind  consideration,  and  your 
name  and  fame  will  always  be  dear  to  me. 

Save  in  defense  of  my  native  State,  I  never  desire  again  to  draw  my  sword. 
Be  pleased  to  accept  my  most  earnest  wishes  for  the  continuance  of  your  hap- 
piness and  prosperity,  and  believe  me, 

Most  truly  yours, 

R.  E.  Lee. 

Arlington,  Washington  City  P.  O.,  April  20,  1861. 
Hon.  Simon  Cameron, 
Secretary  of  War. 
Sir  :    I  have  the  honor  to  tender  the  resignation  of  my   commission  as 
colonel  of  the  First  Regiment  of  Cavalry. 

Very  respectfully, 

Tour  obedient  servant. 

R.  E.  Lee. 

Two  days  later,  Lee  bade  Arlington  a  long  and  sorrowful  farewell. 
He  was  never  to  see  his  beloved  home  again.  Lee  knew  far  better  than 
most  men  in  the  South  the  strength  and  resources  of  the  North,  and  he 
realized  that  the  struggle  would  be  long  and  victory  hard  fought.  Yet 
he  declined  the  highest  rank  in  his  profession  that  he  might  serve  his 
own  State.  And  he  did  this  simply  because  he  sought  always  to  do  the 
right  as  God  gave  it  to  him  to  see  the  right,  and  for  him,  a  Lee  of 
Virginia,  there  was  no  other  choice.  "Duty,"  he  said,  "is  the  sub- 
limest  word  in  our  language."  "There  is  a  true  glory  and  a  true  honor, 
the  glory  of  duty  done,  the  honor  of  the  integrity  of  principle."  Once 
he  said  to  his  son,  Custis :  "I  know  that  wherever  you  may  be  placed, 
you  will  do  your  duty.  That  is  all  the  pleasure,  all  the  comfort,  all 
the  glory  we  can  enjoy  in  this  world."  In  this  devotion  to  duty  and 
calm  trust  in  God  lay  the  secret  of  his  life. 

He  was  a  brilliant  general,  leading  his  men  many  times  to  victory. 
He  was  absolutely  fearless,  always  ready  to  sacrifice  himself,  and  dearly 
beloved  by  his  soldiers. 

Listen  to  what  great  men  say  about  him: 

Field  Marshall  Viscount  "Wolseley  of  the  British  Army  visited  the 
Confederate  Army  at  headquarters.  Of  his  first  meeting  with  General 
Lee,  he  wrote : 

"Every  incident  in  that  visit  is  indelibly  stamped  on  my  memory. 
All  he  said  to  me  then,  and  in  subsequent  conversations  is  still  fresh 
in  my  recollection.  It  is  natural  it  should  be  so;  for  he  was  the  ablest 
general,  and  to  me  seemed  the  greatest  man  I  ever  conversed  with,  and 
yet  I  have  had  the  privilege  of  meeting  Von  Moltke,  and  Prince  Bis- 
marck.    General  Lee  was  one  of  the  few  men  who  ever  seriously  im- 


11 

pressed  and  awed  me  with  their  inherent  greatness.  Forty  years  have 
come  and  gone  since  our  meeting,  yet  the  majesty  of  his  manly  hear- 
ing, the  genial,  winning  grace,  the  sweetness  of  his  smile,  and  the 
impressive  dignity  of  his  old-fashioned  style  of  address,  come  back  to 
me  among  my  most  cherished  recollections.  .  .  .  His  was  indeed  a 
beautiful  character,  and  of  him  it  might  be  written,  'In  righteousness 
did  he  judge  and  make  war.'  " 

Colonel  Henderson,  the  English  historian,  spoke  of  Lee  as  "undoubt- 
edly one  of  the  greatest,  if  not  the  greatest  soldier  who  ever  spoke  the 
English  tongue." 

Theodore  Roosevelt  said,  "Lee  will  undoubtedly  rank  as  without  any 
exception  the  greatest  of  all  the  great  captains  that  the  English-speaking 
people  have  brought  forth." 

But  would  you  know  the  secret  of  his  greatness?  Then  listen  again 
to  his  own  words :  "There  is  a  true  glory  and  a  true  honor :  the  glory 
of  duty  done;  the  honor  of  integrity  and  principle."  These  words, 
written  on  an  old  slip  of  dingy  paper,  were  found  in  an  old  knapsack 
Avhich  he  had  used  throughout   the   war.     How  well   he  knew   their 


meaning 


Appomattox 


And  so,  for  four  long  years,  war  went  on.  Overwhelmed  by  the  large 
numbers  in  the  enemy's  army,  General  Lee  knew  that  there  was  no  hope 
of  a  final  victory.  His  men  were  starved,  and  almost  exhausted.  "Was  it 
right  to  continue  their  suffering?  Again  he  did  his  duty,  and  decided 
to  give  up  the  struggle.  He  surrendered  to  General  Grant  on  April 
9th,  1865. 

The  meeting  between  General  Grant  and  General  Lee  has  been  de- 
scribed by  one  who  was  present : 

"Grant  sat  at  a  marble-topped  table,  in  the  center  of  the  room,  Lee 
at  a  small  oval  table  near  the  front  window.  Grant  was  not  quite 
forty-three  years  old,  five  feet  eight  inches  tall,  shoulders  slightly 
stooped,  hair  and  beard  nut-brown,  wearing  a  dark  blue  flannel  blouse, 
unbuttoned,  showing  vest  beneath;  ordinary  top-boots,  trousers  inside; 
dark  yellow  thread  gloves ;  without  sword  or  spurs ;  and  no  marks  of 
rank,  except  a  general's  shoulder-straps. 

"General  Lee,  now  fifty-eight  years  old,  was  six  feet  tall,  with  hair 
and  beard  turned  silver  gray.  He  wore  a  handsome  uniform  of  Con- 
federate gray,  buttoned  up  to  the  throat,  with  three  stars  on  each  side 
of  the  turned-down  collar,  fine  top-boots  with  handsome  spurs,  gray 
gauntlets,  and  at  his  side  a  splendid  sword. 

"At  General  Lee's  request,  the  terms  of  the  surrender  were  written 
out  and  signed  by  General  Grant.  The  Confederate  chieftan,  thinking 
always  of  his  faithful  soldiers,  suggested  that  he  would  like  to  have 
them  allowed  to  take  their  horses  home  for  use  on  their  farms.  General 
Grant  said  that  the  soldiers  might  keep  their  horses.    He  also  arranged 


12 

to  give  General  Lee's  weary  soldiers  some  food.  The  two  generals 
shook  hands,  and  once  more  General  Lee  rode  away  to  his  men.  His 
words  to  them  were : 

"  'Men,  we  have  fought  through  the  war  together.  I  have  done  my 
best  for  you.    My  heart  is  too  full  to  say  more.'  " 

The  next  morning,  General  Lee  sent  his  troops  this  farewell  address : 

"Headquarters,   Army   of  Northern  Virginia, 

April  10,  1865. 

"After  four  years  of  arduous  service,  marked  by  unsurpassed  courage 
and  fortitude,  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  has  been  compelled  to  yield 
to  overwhelming  numbers  and  resources.  I  need  not  tell  the  survivors  of 
so  many  hard-fought  battles,  who  have  remained  steadfast  to  the  last,  that 
I  have  consented  to  this  result  from  no  distrust  of  them ;  but  feeling  that 
valor  and  devotion  could  accomplish  nothing  that  could  compensate  for  the 
loss  that  would  have  attended  the  continuation  of  the  contest,  I  have  determ- 
ined to  avoid  the  useless  sacrifice  of  those  whose  past  services  have  endeared 
them  to  their  countrymen.  By  the  terms  of  the  agreement,  officers  and 
men  can  return  to  their  homes,  and  remain  there  until  exchanged. 

"You  will  take  with  you  the  satisfaction  that  proceeds  from  the  conscious- 
ness of  duty  faithfully  performed ;  and  I  earnestly  pray  that  a  merciful  God 
will  extend  to  you  His  blessing  and  protection.  With  an  unceasing  admira- 
tion for  your  constancy  and  devotion  to  your  country,  and  a  grateful  re- 
membrance of  your  kind  and  generous  consideration  of  myself,  I  bid  you 
an  affectionate  farewell."  r.  k  lee,  General. 

On  the  same  day,  he  rode  away  from  his  army,  going  to  Richmond 
and  his  loved  ones  there.  Taking  off  his  hat,  and  bowing  his  head, 
silently  he  passed  through  the  waiting  crowd  of  friends  to  his  own  door. 

GENERAL  ROBERT  E.  LEE 

You  offered  at  your  country's  call 
"Your  life,  your  fortune,  and  your  all" ; 
Pledging  your  sacred  honor  high, 
For  her  to  live,  for  her  to  die ; 
With  her  you  cast  your  future  lot, 
And  now,  without  one  single  spot 
To  dim  the  brightness  of  your  fame, 
<  Or  cast  a  shadow  o'er  your  name, 

You  lay  your  sword  with  honor  down, 
And  wear  defeat  as  'twere  a  crown. 

— Mary  Bayard  Clarke. 

GENERAL  LEE'S  ADVICE  TO  A  YOUNG  SOLDIER 
AT  THE  CLOSE  OF  THE  WAR 
.     .     .     Go  to  your  home,  my  son. 
Go  to  your  home.    Take  up  and  build  anew 
The  life  you  left  for  me  and  for  the  South. 
Your  duty  is  to  live,  and  mine  to  live, 
Forget  the  hatred  of  the  war  and  be 
Not  a  Virginian  only,  but  being  that 
A  new  American,  and  transmit  the  pride 
To  your  sons  to  be,  that  a  new  America     .     .     . 

"Lee"  by  Edgar  Lee  Masters. 


13 

Lee — The  Educator 

After  the  war,  he  was  offered  the  Presidency  of  Washington  Uni- 
versity, and  here  he  gladly  hegan  the  work  of  educating  young  men. 
Mounting  his  war  horse,  Traveller,  General  Lee  rode  alone  four  days 
westward  across  the  Blue  Ridge  and  quietly  entered  the  town  of  Lex- 
ington. He  spent  the  remainder  of  of  his  life  fitting  the  youth  of  the 
South  for  the  duties  of  citizenship.  General  Lee  enjoyed  his  work  very 
much.  His  pupils  loved  him  dearly.  He  told  the  boys,  "We  have  but 
one  rule  here,  that  every  student  be  a  gentleman." 

But  as  the  years  passed  his  health  began  to  fail.  He  tried  to  regain 
his  strength  by  travel  and  rest,  but  he  was  never  well  again.  One 
evening,  after  a  long  and  busy  day,  he  was  taken  seriously  ill.  During 
his  illness,  he  thought  again  of  his  battles.  His  last  words,  "Tell  Hill 
he  must  come  up,"  are  still  a  message  to  all  the  boys  and  girls  of  our 
country  to  come  up — up  to  the  best  and  finest  that  is  in  them,  in  trying 
always  to  do  their  duty. 

He  was  buried  beneath  the  college  chapel,  not  far  from  where  Stone- 
wall Jackson,  his  "strong  right  arm"  sleeps.  Together  they  rest  under 
the  shade  of  the  trees. 

The  South  mourned  the  death  of  its  great  leader.  Throughout  the 
whole  country,  tribute  was  paid  to  this  great  son,  for  "never  had  a 
mother  a  nobler  son." 

And  today,  we  gather,  once  again  on  his  birthday,  to  do  him  honor! 

ROBERT  EDWARD  LEE 

"He  needs  no  shining  Hall  of  Fame 

To  canonize  his  worth ; 
For,   chisled   by   the   Eternal   Hand, 
His  cherished  face  and  form  will  stand, 
In  loving  hearts  in  every  land, 

Peerless   in  all  the   earth." 

— W.  A.  Clabke. 

THE  SWORD  OF  LEE 

Forth  from  its  scabbard,  pure  and  bright, 

Flashed  the  sword  of  Lee ! 
Far  in  front  of  the  deadly  fight, 
High  o'er  the  brave  in  the  cause  of  right, 
Its  stainless  sheen  like  a  beacon  light, 

Led  us  to  victory. 

Out  of  its  scabbard,  where  full  long 

It  slumbered  peacefully, 
Roused  from  its  rest  by  the  battle's  song, 
Shielding  the   feeble,    smiting   the   strong, 
Guarding  the  right,  avenging  the  wrong, 

Gleamed  the  sword  of  Lee. 


14 

Forth  from  its  scabbard,  high  in  air 

Beneath   Virginia's   sky — 
And  they  who  saw  it  gleaming  there, 
And  knew  who  bore  it,  knelt  to  swear 
That  where  that  sword  led,  they  would  dare 

To  follow — and  to  die. 

Out  of  its  scabbard !     Never  hand 

Waved  sword  from  stain  so  free ; 
Nor  purer  sword  led  braver  band, 
Nor  braver  bled  for  a  brighter  land, 
Nor  brighter  land  had  a  cause  so  grand, 

Nor  cause  a  chief  like  Lee ! 

Forth  from  its  scabbard !     How  we  prayed 

That  sword  might  victor  be ! 
And  when  our  triumph  was  delayed, 
And  many  a  heart  grew  sore  afraid, 
We  still  hoped  on  while  gleamed  the  blade 

Of  noble  Robert  Lee. 

Forth  from  its  scabbard  all  in  vain 

Bright  flashed  the  sword  of  Lee ; 
'Tis  shrouded  now  in  its  sheath  again, 
It  sleeps  the  sleep  of  our  noble  slain, 
Defeated,  yet  without  stain, 

Proudly   and    peacefully. 

— Abram  J.  Ryan.' 

SOME  INCIDENTS  IN  GENERAL   LEE'S  LIFE 

Old  Nat,  the  Coachman 

When  Robert  came  home  from  West  Point,  he  found  his  mother's  old 
coachman,  "Uncle  Nat/'  very  ill.  He  had  been  his  boyhood  friend. 
Robert  took  him  at  once  to  the  South,  employed  a  good  doctor,  and 
nursed  him  with  great  care.  But  in  the  spring  the  good  old  slave  died, 
and  was  laid  to  rest  by  the  hand  of  his  kind  young  master.  We  like 
to  think  of  this  thoughtful  young  man,  helping  to  care  so  tenderly  for 
the  old  servant. 

General  Lee's  Letter  to  His  Son 

"You  must  study  to  be  frank  with  the  world.  Frankness  is  the  child 
of  honesty  and  courage.  Say  just  what  you  mean  to  do,  on  every 
occasion,  and  take  it  for  granted  that  you  mean  to  do  right.  If  a 
friend  asks  a  favor,  you  should  grant  it,  if  it  is  reasonable;  if  not,  tell 
him  plainly  why  you  cannot;  you  would  wrong  him,  and  wrong  your- 
self, by  equivocation  of  any  kind. 

"Never  do  a  wrong  thing  to  make  a  friend  or  keep  one.  .  .  . 
Above  all,  do  not  appear  to  others  what  you  are  not.  .  .  .  We  should 
live,  act,  and  say  nothing  to  the  injury  of  anyone. 

"In  regard  to  duty,  let  me,  in  conclusion  of  this  hasty  letter,  inform 
you  that  nearly  a  hundred  years  ago  there  was  a  day  of  remarkable 


15 

gloom  and  darkness — still  known  as  'the  dark  day' — a  clay  when  the 
light  of  the  sun  was  slowly  extinguished,  as  if  by  an  eclipse. 

"The  Legislature  of  Connecticut  was  in  session,  and  as  its  members 
saw  the  unexpected  and  unaccountable  darkness  coming  on,  they  shared 
in  general  awe  and  terror.  It  was  supposed  by  many  that  the  last  day — 
the  day  of  judgment — had  come.  Some  one,  in  the  consternation  of 
the  hour,  moved  an  adjournment. 

"Then  there  arose  an  old  Puritan  legislator,  Davenport,  of  Stamford, 
and  said  that  if  the  last  day  had  come,  he  desired  to  be  found  at  his 
place,  doing  his  duty,  and,  therefore,  moved  that  candles  be  brought  in, 
so  that  the  House  could  proceed  with  its  duty. 

"There  was  quietness  in  that  man's  mind,  the  quietness  of  heavenly 
wisdom  and  inflexible  willingness  to  obey  present  duty.  Duty,  then, 
is  the  sublimest  word  in  our  language.  Do  your  duty  in  all  things 
like  the  old  Puritan.  You  cannot  do  more;  you  should  never  wish  to 
do  less.  Never  let  your  mother  or  me  wear  one  gray  hair  for  any 
lack  of  duty  on  your  part." 

The  Friend  of  Little  Children 

He  loved  children  and  children  loved  him.  On  one  occasion,  having 
learned  on  a  visit  to  a  friend  that  two  little  boys  in  the  family  were 
sick  with  croup,  he  trudged  back  next  day  in  the  midst  of  a  storm  with 
a  basket  of  pecans  and  a  toy  for  his  little  friends. 

Once  during  the  war,  he  wrote  Mrs.  Lee,  "Yesterday,  three  little  girls 
walked  into  my  room,  each  with  a  small  basket.  The  eldest  had  some 
fresh  eggs,  the  second  some  pickles,  and  the  third  some  pop-corn  wThich 
had  grown  in  her  garden.  They  had  with  them  a  young  maid  with  a 
block  of  soap  made  by  her  mother.  ...  I  had  not  had  so  nice  a 
visit  for  a  long  time.  I  was  able  to  fill  their  baskets  with  apples  and 
begged  them  to  bring  me  hereafter  nothing  but  kisses  and  to  keep  the 
eggs  and  corn  for  themselves." 

One  Sunday,  during  the  war,  he  went  to  service  at  a  crowded  church. 
There  he  saw  a  little  girl  in  a  faded  dress  standing  just  inside  the 
door  looking  for  a  seat.  "Come  with  me,  my  little  lady,"  said  the  great 
soldier,  "and  you  shall  sit  by  me."     So  side  by  side  sat  the  two  friends. 

He  knew  all  of  the  children  in  Lexington,  and  along  the  roads  and 
by-paths  of  his  daily  rides,  and  they  were  always  delighted  when  they 
met  him.  He  could  be  seen  at  any  time  stopping  on  the  streets  to  kiss 
some  bright-eyed  little  girl,  or  pass  a  joke  with  some  little  boy.  One 
of  these  little  friends  would  go  to  the  chapel  service  often  and  sit  by 
the  general,  who  treated  him  very  kindly.  The  boy  had  the  idea  that 
wherever  he  saw  General  Lee,  his  place  was  by  his  side.  At  the  next 
college  commencement,  the  little  fellow  stole  away  from  his  mother. 
Before  she  knew  of  it,  he  was  on  the  platform,  sitting  at  the  general's 
feet,  gazing  up  into  his  face,  not  knowing  that  he  was  out  of  place. 


16 

In  a  little  while  he  went  fast  asleep,  resting  his  head  on  the  general's 
knees.  The  great  man  remained  in  one  position  for  a  long  time,  and 
suffered  much  discomfort,  that  he  might  not  disturb  the  sleeping  child. 

At  Healing  Springs,  General  Lee  was  one  day  sitting  in  the  parlor, 
talking  with  a  number  of  women  and  children  who  had  come  to  see 
him.  A  bright  little  fellow  from  Richmond  ran  in  from  a  romp  on  the 
lawn.  Seeing  a  pair  of  legs  crossed,  and  belonging  to  a  kind  old  gentle- 
man, he  mounted  them  for  his  horse  and  began  to  ride.  This  greatly 
amused  the  company.  The  mother  feared  that  General  Lee  would  be 
displeased,  but  the  General  was  delighted,  and,  after  allowing  the  little 
fellow  to  ride  to  his  heart's  content,  took  him  in  his  lap,  calling  him 
his  "merry  little  friend." 

General  Lee  was  also  the  friend  of  all  animals.  Once  when  the  guns 
of  the  enemy  could  be  heard,  he  said  to  his  soldiers :  "Men,  you  had  bet- 
ter go  into  the  back  yard;  they  are  firing  up  here  and  you  might  get 
hurt." 

The  men  obeyed,  but  they  saw  their  dear  general  walk  across  the  yard, 
pick  up  something  and  place  it  in  a  tree  over  his  head.  They  found  out 
that  the  thing  for  which  he  had  risked  his  life  was  only  a  little  bird 
which  had  fallen  from  its  nest.  God  had  given  the  great  soldier  a 
heart  so  tender  that  he  could  stop  amid  the  rain  of  shot  and  shell  to 
care  for  a  tiny  fallen  birdling. 

Traveler 

General  Lee's  horse  was  almost  as  well-known  as  his  master.  Traveler 
"always  stepped  as  if  conscious  that  he  bore  a  king  on  his  back."  This 
noble  horse  bore  his  master  throughout  the  war,  and  for  several  years 
afterwards.  In  a  letter  to  his  daughter,  General  Lee  writes  about 
Traveler : 

"If  I  were  an  artist  like  you,  I  would  draw  a  true  picture  of  Traveler, 
representing  his  fine  proportions,  muscular  figure,  deep  chest  and  short 
back,  strong  haunches,  flat  legs,  small  head,  broad  forehead,  delicate 
ears,  quick  eye,  small  feet  and  black  mane  and  tail.  Such  a  picture 
would  inspire  a  poet  who  could  then  depict  his  worth,  and  describe  his 
endurance  of  toil,  hunger,  thirst,  heat,  cold,  and  the  dangers  and  suffer- 
ings through  which  he  has  passed.  He  could  dwell  upon  his  sagacity, 
affection,  and  invariable  response  to  every  wish  of  his  rider.  He  might 
even  imagine  his  thoughts,  through  the  long  night  marches,  and  the 
days  of  battle  through  which  he  has  passed.  But  I  am  no  artist ;  I  can 
only  say  that  he  has  carried  me  through  many  long  night  marches  and 
fierce  battles." 

These  two  friends,  man  and  horse,  understood  each  other.  One  ex- 
ample of  the  wisdom  of  the  horse,  and  of  his  trust  in  his  master,  was 
often  told.  The  horse  had  been  taken  from  a  steamboat,  and  became 
excited  by  the  strange  soirnds  on  the  wharf.  He  started  up  the  street, 
alone,  and  was  on  the  point  of  breaking  into  a  wild  gallop.     At  this 


17 

moment,  Lee,  directing  the  crowd  to  cease  their  shouts,  gave  a  peculiar 
whistle.  Traveler,  hearing  it,  at  once  turned  about  toward  the  well- 
known  signal,  and  returned  to  his  master. 

LEE— THE   CHRISTIAN   GENTLEMAN 

In  person,  General  Lee  was  strikingly  handsome.  He  was  tall  in 
stature,  and  had  a  perfectly  proportioned  figure.  His  features  were 
handsome,  and  his  expression  commanding,  yet  kind  and  willing.  In 
his  manner,  he  was  quiet  and  modest  but  thoroughly  self-possessed.  He 
was  courteous  and  kind  to  all,  and  the  humblest  private  in  the  army 
approached  him  with  absolute  certainty  of  a  cordial  welcome.  He  was 
devotedly  loved  by  his  friends,  and  personally  he  had  no  enemies.  He 
was  strong  in  his  friendships,  and  slow  to  condemn  anyone.  He  pos- 
sessed the  most  perfect  command  over  his  temper,  and  it  is  said  that 
he  was  never  seen  angry.  An  oath  never  passed  his  lips,  and  he  used 
neither  tobacco  nor  liquors. 

Three  lives  came  into  his  life,  and  were  lived  over  again  in  him. 
Jesus  Christ  our  Saviour,  his  mother,  and  George  "Washington.  He  was 
very  religious,  not  ashamed  nor  afraid  to  profess  himself  a  Christian. 
This  Ave  know  from  his  army  orders,  his  family  letters,  and  his  daily 
life.     Listen  to  his  words : 

"In  His  own  good  time,  He  will  relieve  us,  and  make  all  things  work 
together  for  our  good,  if  we  give  Him  our  love,  and  place  in  Him  our 
trust." 

So  I  think  we  may  say,  "Everywhere,  and  always,  he  had  Ged  in  his 
heart." 

Shout  then,  Oh  children,   sagas  sing, 

Of  Lee,   more  valorous  than  a  king ; 

As  princely  as  that  ancient  knight 

Whose  life  was  lost  to  make  wrong  right ; 

As  truthful  as  the  one  whose  grave 

Potomac's  waters  ever  lave; 

As  steadfast  as  the  Captain  gone 

Whose  heart  was  pure  his  whole  life  long; 

The  world  no  nobler  soul  has  known 

Than  his,  the  South  claims  as  her  own. 

— N.  E.  Gresham, 
Ode :    The  Sivord  of  Lee. 

LITTLE   GIFFEN 

(One  of  Lee's  Soldiers) 

Out  of  the  focal  and  foremost  fire — 
Out  of  the  hospital  walls  as  dire — 
Smitten  of  grapeshot  and  gangrene — 
Eighteenth  battle,  and  he  sixteen — 
Specter  such  as  you  seldom  see, 
Little  Giffen  of  Tennessee. 


IS 


"Take  him,  and  welcome!''   the  surgeon  said; 
"Not  the  doctor  can  help  the  dead!'' 
So  we  took  him  and  brought  him  where 
The  balm  was  sweet  in  our  summer  air ; 
And  we  laid  him  down  on  a  wholesome  bed ; 
Utter  Lazarus,  heel  to  head  ! 

And  we  watched  the  war  with  abated  breath. 
Skeleton  boy  against  skeleton  death  ! 
Months  of  torture,  how  many  such ! 
Weary  weeks  of  the  stick  and  crutch, — 
And  still  a  glint  in  the  steel-blue  eye 
Told   of  a  spirit  that   wouldn't   die. 

And  didn't !  Nay !  More !  in  death's  despite 
The  crippled  skeleton  learned  to  write — 
"Dear  Mother !"  at  first,  of  course,  and  then 
"Dear  Captain !"  inquiring  about  the  men. 
Captain's  answer :    "Of  eighty  and  five, 
Giffen  and  I  are  left  alive." 

"Johnson  pressed  at  the  front,"   they   say ; — 

Little  Giffen  was  up  and  away ! 

A  tear,  his  first,  as  he  bade  good-bye, 

Dimmed  the  glint  of  his  steel-blue  eye. 

"I'll  write,  if  spared !"     There  was  news  of  fight, 

But  none  of  Giffen !     He  did  not  write  ! 

I  sometimes  fancy  that  were  I  King 
Of  the  courtly  knights  of  Arthur's  ring, 
With  the  voice  of  the  minstrel  in  mine  ear 
And  the  tender  legend  that  trembles  here. 
I'd  give  the  best  on  his  bended  knee — 
The  whitest  soul  of  my  chivalry — 
For  Little  Giffen  of  Tennessee. 

— Francis  Orray  Tichnor. 

THE  BLUE  AND  THE  GRAY 

By  the  flow  of  the  inland  river. 

Whence  the  fleets  of  iron  have  fled, 
Where  the  blades  of  the  grave-grass  quiver, 

Asleep  are  the  ranks  of  the  dead  : 
Under  the  sod  and  the  dew, 

Waiting  the  judgment-day ; 
Under  the  one,  the  Blue, 

Under  the  other,  the  Gray. 


19 

These  in  the  robings  of  glory, 

Those  in  the  gloom  of  defeat, 
All  with  the  battle-blood  gory, 

In  the  dusk  of  eternity  meet, 
Under  the  sod  and  the  dew, 

Waiting  the  judgment-day ; 
Under  the  laurel,  the  Blue 

Under  the  willow,  the  Gray. 

From  the  silence  of  sorrowful  hours 

The  desolate  mourners  go. 
Lovingly  laden  with  flowers 

Alike  for  the  friend  and  the  foe. 
Under  the  sod  and  the  dew, 

Waiting  the  judgment-day ; 
Under  the  roses,  the  Blue, 

Under  the  lilies,  the  Gray. 

So  with  an  equal  splendor 

The  morning  sun-rays  fall, 
With  a  touch  impartially  tender, 

On  the  blossoms  blooming  for  all : 
Under  the  sod  and  the  dew, 

Waiting  the  judgment-day ; 
Broidered  with  gold,  the  Blue, 

Mellowed  with  gold,  the  Gray. 

So,  when  the  summer  calleth. 

On  forest  and  field  of  grain. 
With  an  equal  murmur  falleth 

The  cooling  drip  of  the  rain : 
Under  the  sod  and  the  dew, 

Waiting  the  judgment-day: 
Wet  with  the  rain,  the  Blue, 

Wet  with  the  rain,  the  Gray. 

Sadly,  but  not  with  upbraiding. 

The  generous  deed  was  done, 
In  the  storm  of  the  years  that  are  fading, 

No  braver  battle  was  won  : 
Under  the  sod  and  the  dew, 

Waiting  the  judgment-day : 
Under  the  blossoms,  the  Blue, 

Under  the  garlands,  the  Gray. 

No  more  shall  the  war  cry  sever, 

Or  the  winding  rivers  be  red ; 
They  banish  our  anger  forever 

When  they  laurel  the  graves  of  our  dead : 
Under  the  sod  and  the  dew. 

Waiting  the  judgment-day ; 
Love  and  tears  for  the  Blue, 

Tears  and  love  for  the  Gray. 

— Francis  Miles  Finch. 


"You  may  be  what  you  resolve  to  be." 
"Duty  is  ours,  consequences  are  God's." 

— Stonewall  Jackson. 


OUTLINE  OF  PROGRAM 

Commemorating  the  Birth  of  General  Thomas  J.  (Stonewall)  Jackson 
Friday,  January  21st 


I.     Scripture  Reading — II  Corinthians,  5. 

(Read  by  Jackson  in  the  presence  of  his  wife  when  called  to  Rich- 
mond with  his  cadets  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  war.) 


II.     A  Brief  Character  Sketch  of  Jackson. 

1.  As  a  Boy. 

2.  As  a  Student. 

3.  As  a  Husband  and  Father. 

4.  As  a  Soldier  and  Christian. 


III.     Poem — Stonewall's  Way. 
IV.     Song — Onward  Christian  Soldiers. 


V.     Features  of  Valley  Campaign  Marking  Jackson  As  a  Military  Genius. 

1.  Rapidity  of  Movement. 

2.  Secrecy  of  Movement. 

3.  Knowledge  of  Movement  and  Plans  of  the  Enemy. 

4.  Aggressiveness  In  Fighting. 

5.  Affection  of  His  Soldiers. 


VI.     Poem — Lone  Sentry. 


VII.     Song — Maryland,  My  Maryland 

(Sung  by  Jackson's  army  as  they  waded  the  Potomac  River.) 


VIII.     Idiosyncrasies  of  Jackson. 
IX.     Poem — Observation  of  Stonewall's  Servant. 
X.     Song— The  Son  of  God  Goes  Forth  to  War. 


XI.     Relation  of  Jatkson  and  Lee. 

1.  Jackson's  Attitude  Toward  His  Superior  Officer. 

2.  Lee's  Opinion  of  Jackson. 


XII.     Poem— The  Brigade  Must  Not  Know,  Sir. 


SUGGESTED  MATERIALS  FOR  PROGRAM 

A  BRIEF  CHARACTER  SKETCH  OF  JACKSON 

As  a  Boy 

Thomas  Jonathan  Jackson  was  born  January  21,  1824,  at  Clarksburg, 
Virginia;  at  least,  that  was  the  supposed  date  of  his  birth;  the  family 
records  were  lost  when  their  home  was  broken  up  and  he  did  not 
remember  dates  with  accuracy.  His  father,  Jonathan  Jackson,  was  a 
lawyer  with  a  good  mind  and  a  growing  practice  but  like  many  in  those 
days  he  had  advanced  money  and  endorsed  notes  for  his  neighbors  which 
were  responsible  for  the  loss  of  all  his  property.  When  Thomas  was 
only  three  his  father  died  and  his  mother  was  left  a  widow  with  three 
small  children  and  without  a  home  or  means  of  support.  The  Masonic 
Order,  of  which  Jonathan  Jackson  had  been  a  member,  gave  his  widow 
a  house  of  only  one  room.  Here  she  sewed  and  taught  school  to  care 
for  her  little  ones. 

When  Thomas  was  six,  his  mother  married  Captain  Blake  Woodson, 
a  lawyer  of  good  education ;  but  he  was  much  her  senior  and  a  widower 
without  fortune.  His  slender  means  were  inadequate  to  the  support 
of  a  family  and  necessity  soon  compelled  the  poor  mother  to  give  up 
her  two  boys  to  the  care  of  their  father's  relatives.  So  Thomas,  at  the 
age  of  six  years,  had  to  take  leave  of  his  mother.  It  was  a  heart-break- 
ing separation  and  one  which  he  never  forgot. 

After  being  with  his  aunt  one  year  he  was  sent  to  see  his  mother  die. 
Being  a  Christian,  death  for  her  had  no  sting  and  Thomas,  long  years 
after,  said  that  her  dying  words  and  prayer  had  never  been  erased  from 
his  memory.  It  is  said  of  him,  as  a  child,  that  he  was  strangely  quiet 
and  manly.  The  sadness  of  his  young  life  made  him  grave  and  thought- 
ful beyond  his  years.  When  he  was  only  eight  he  left  his  aunt's  and 
walked  four  or  five  miles  to  his  cousin's.  While  eating  his  dinner  he 
said  in  a  quiet  way,  "Uncle  and  I  don't  agree.  I  have  quit  him  and 
shall  not  go  back  any  more."  His  cousin  tried  to  show  him  that  he  was 
in  fault  but  he  only  shook  his  head  and  said  more  firmly,  "No,  Uncle 
and  I  don't  agree."  He  never  gave  any  reasons  for  the  break  but  it 
seems  from  a  letter  written  years  afterwards  that  his  uncle  had  wanted 
him  to  go  for  a  mule  on  Sunday  and  this  was  not  in  keeping  with 
his  early  training  as  to  the  observation  of  the  Sabbath.  The  next 
morning  he  set  out  alone  and  walked  eighteen  miles  to  the  home  of  his 
bachelor  uncle,  Cummins  Jackson,  the  half  brother  of  his  father.  Here 
he  was  with  his  brother,  Warren,  and  little  sister,  Laura.  The  three 
children  went  to  school  when  there  was  any  school  in  the  neighborhood. 
On  his  uncle's  farm  the  children  engaged  in  youthful  enterprises. 
Thomas  would  build  rabbit  snares,  bird  traps,  and  even  bridges  for  his 
little  sister  to  walk  on  in  crossing  streams.     His  boyhood,  was  marked 


23 

by  the  same  energy  and  determination  that  later  marked  his  career. 
JSTo  matter  what  he  undertook,  whether  of  work  or  play,  he  "never  gave 
up." 

Warren  was  a  bold  and  rather  restless  boy  who  did  not  like  being 
dependent.  He  had  heard  stories  of  the  ease  of  making  a  fortune  west 
of  the  Ohio  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen  he  induced  Thomas,  who  was  only 
twelve,  to  go  with  him  to  seek  their  fortunes  in  the  West.  After 
stopping  for  a  time  at  the  home  of  their  uncle  on  the  Ohio  River,  they 
went  down  that  river  and  for  months  were  not  heard  from. 

In  the  fall  of  that  year  they  returned,  ragged  and  ill  with  chills  and 
fever.  Their  story  was  that  they  made  a  raft  and  floated  down  to  one 
of  the  lonely  islands  of  the  Mississippi  where  they  cut  wood  for  steam- 
boats on  the  river.  Here  they  spent  the  summer  alone  with  little  food 
in  the  midst  of  a  dense  forest.  At  last  illness  forced  them  to  seek  their 
way  homeward. 

Later,  in  the  management  of  his  uncle's  farm,  Thomas  learned  to  put 
his  young  shoulders  to  the  wheel  and  he  soon  proved  so  capable  that  he 
was  intrusted  with  the  duties  of  overseer  of  the  laborers  in  getting  the 
largest  trees  out  of  the  forest  and  to  the  mill,  in  all  of  which  he  showed 
great  intelligence,  endurance  and  efficiency. 

His  Uncle  Cummins,  it  appears,  was  fond  of  sports,  of  fox  hunts  and 
horse  racing.  He  kept  a  number  of  blooded  horses  and  had  a  four- 
mile  race  track  on  his  farm.  Thomas  was  his  trainer.  His  determina- 
tion to  succeed  was  shown  here,  for  his  neighbors  said,  "If  a  horse  had 
any  winning  qualities  whatever  in  him,  Thomas  Jackson  never  failed 
to  bring  them  out  on  the  turf."  Although  he  spoke  of  himself  as  a 
"wild  boy,"  he  was  noted  for  his  truthfulness  and  honesty  and  kept 
himself  free  from  all  that  was  impure  or  degrading. 

One  of  the  neighbors,  in  recalling  his  childhood,  states  that  there  was 
an  instinctive  courtesy  in  his  conduct;  his  sense  of  justice  was  very 
strong  and  as  long  as  he  met  with  fair  treatment  he  was  gentle  and 
peaceful;  but  he  was  quick  to  resent  an  insult  and  in  a  boyish  combat 
would  never  yield  to  defeat.  He  was  a  ring-leader  in  boyish  sports  and 
whenever  he  was  captain  in  any  game,  his  side  was  pretty  sure  to  come 
off  victorious. 

His  independent  spirit  caused  him  to  wish  to  be  self-supporting. 
At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  was  made  constable  of  one-half  of  Lewis 
County.  During  the  two  years  that  he  held  this  position  he  kept  his 
accounts  with  strict  accuracy.  Several  interesting  stories  are  told  of  his 
firmness  and  tact  in  dealing  with  debtors. 

As  a  Student 

During  the  three  months  a  year  that  Thomas  attended  school  he  was 
a  diligent,  plodding  scholar,  having  a  strong  mind  which  was  slow  in 
development.     In  arithmetic  he  was  quick,  but  in  other  studies  he  had 


24 

to  work  hard,  yet  he  always  "stuck  to  it"  and  would  not  let  go  until  he 
had  perfected  a  lesson.  In  this  way  he  was  usually  behind  the  class, 
not  ready  to  recite  and  as  a  result  received  low  marks.  He  learned 
slowly  but  anything  he  once  learned  he  never  forgot.  He  was  slow  to 
decide  except  when  excited  but  when  he  made  up  his  mind  to  do  a  thing, 
he  did  it  on  short  notice  and  quick  time. 

A  desire  for  self-improvement  had  been  the  passion  of  his  youth.  He 
longed  to  make  a  position  for  himself  equal  to  that  of  his  forefathers. 
To  accomplish  this  he  knew  he  must  secure  an  education.  Therefore, 
when  a  vacancy  for  his  Congressional  district  occurred  at  the  "West 
Point  Military  Academy,  he  hurried  to  Washington  to  seek  appointment 
to  the  cadetship.  The  Secretary  of  War  liked  his  grit  and  manliness 
in  answering  his  questions  and  gave  him  the  appointment.  Noting  that 
he  was  clad  in  homespun  with  only  saddle  bags  for  his  wardrobe,  he  said, 
"Sir,  you  have  a  good  name.  Go  to  "West  Point,  and  the  first  man  who 
insults  you,  knock  him  down,  and  have  it  charged  to  my  account."  An 
old  friend  and  fellow  classmate  says,  "He  had  a  rough  time  at  the 
Academy  at  first  for  lack  of  previous  training  and  it  was  all  he  could 
do  to  pass  the  examinations.  All  lights  were  put  out  at  "taps,"  ten 
o'clock,  and  just  before  the  signal  Jackson  would  pile  up  his  grate  with 
coal  and,  lying  prone  before  it  on  the  floor,  would  work  away  at  his 
lessons  by  the  glow  of  the  fire  till  a  late  hour  of  the  night.  Through  his 
determination  to  succeed  he  steadily  rose  during  the  four  years  from 
the  bottom  of  the  class  to  seventeenth  in  a  class  of  fifty-two.  The  stu- 
dents noted  his  steady  climb  and  said :  "If  we  had  to  stay  here  another 
four  years,  'Old  Jackson'  would  be  at  the  head  of  the  class." 

Although  he  had  few  intimate  friends  his  earnestness  and  high  sense 
of  honor  won  for  him  the  confidence  and  respect  of  his  teachers  and 
classmates.  While  at  West  Point  he  wrote  in  a  blank  book  a  number  of 
rules  for  his  life.  The  first  one  of  these  was — "You  can  be  what  you 
resolve  to  be." 

He  continued  his  struggle  for  self -improvement  after  graduation.  He 
joined  the  local  debating  club  in  order  to  improve  his  public  speaking. 
While  confined  in  the  City  of  Mexico  after  the  Mexican  War  he  began 
the  study  of  the  Spanish  language  and  was  soon  able  to  speak  it  well. 
Later  in  life  he  determined  to  study  Latin,  saying,  "Whatever  I  will 
to  do,  I  can  do."  He  read  Shakespeare  for  recreation  and  studied  his 
Bible  daily.  His  wife  says,  "His  library  was  only  a  small  one — a  mix- 
ture of  history,  Spanish  and  Prench.  He  often  read  his  Testament 
in  French.  During  the  war  he  studied  almost  daily  two  books — his 
Bible  and  the  Campaigns  of  Napoleon." 


25 


As  a  Husband  and  Father 


Colonel  Henderson  says :  "It  was  only  within  the  portals  of  his  own 
home  that  Jackson's  real  nature  disclosed  itself.  The  simple  and  pa- 
thetic pages  in  which  his  widow  has  recorded  the  story  of  their  married 
life  unfold  an  almost  ideal  picture  of  domestic  happiness."  Doctor 
Doheny  says  that,  "In  no  man  were  the  domestic  affections  ever  more 
tender  and  noble.  He  who  saw  only  him  as  the  stern,  self-denying 
soldier  in  his  quarters,  or  on  the  field  of  battle,  scarcely  comprehended 
the  gentle  sweetness  of  his  home  life.  In  his  household  the  law  of  love 
reigned  and  his  sternest  rebuke  was  to  say  half  tenderly,  half  sadly : 
'Ah !  that  is  not  the  way  to  be  happy.'  " 

Bayard  Taylor's  beauitful  lines : 

"The  bravest  are  the  tenderest, 
The  loving  are  the  daring." 

found  a  true  exemplification  in  his  domestic  life  as  shown  by  his  letters. 
His  only  child,  Julia,  was  born  during  his  service  in  the  Civil  War. 
When  the  baby  was  five  months  old  Mrs.  Jackson  visited  him  in  camp. 
All  were  impressed  with  the  father's  devotion  to  the  child.  When  she 
went  to  sleep  he  would  kneel  over  her  cradle  and  gaze  upon  her  little 
face  with  the  most  rapt  admiration.  He  once  said  to  his  wife,  "Do 
not  set  your  heart  upon  her  except  as  a  gift  of  God.  If  she  absorbs 
too  much  of  our  hearts  God  may  remove  her  from  us."  His  wife  tells 
of  an  incident  that  shows  his  ideas  of  training  even  the  very  young: 
"Little  Julia  was  kicking  on  the  bed  to  be  taken  up,  and  the  air  was 
filled  with  cries  that  increased  in  vigor.  My  husband  would  allow  no 
one  to  touch  her.  'When  she  stops  crying  we  will  take  her  up,'  he 
explained,  and  he  remained  fixed  in  his  seat  by  the  bed  until  the  enemy 
surrendered." 

As  a  Soldier  and  Christian 

It  is  hard  for  his  biographers  to  explain  to  the  reading  public  how 
the  soldier  and  Christian  kept  house  together  as  illustrated  in  the  life 
of  Jackson.  His  wife  quotes  him  as  exclaiming,  "Oh,  how  I  do  de- 
precate war !  Should  the  step  be  taken  that  is  now  threatened,  we 
shall  have  no  alternative.  We  must  fight."  Bradford  says,  "To  gratify 
personal  ambition  he  would  have  hesitated  at  destruction  and  slaughter. 
But  to  do  his  duty,  to  carry  out  the  designs  of  Providence,  he  would 
override  all  obstacles  and  subdue  all  scruples.  In  the  face  of  it  human 
sufferings  counted  simply  as  nothing."  His  sister-in-law  says,  "Never 
have  I  known  a  holier  man.  Never  have  I  seen  a  human  being  as 
thoroughly  governed  by  duty."  General  Worsley  says,  "The  most  reck- 
less and  irreligious  of  the  Confederate  soldiers  were  silent  in  his  pres- 
ence, and  stood  abashed  before  this  God-fearing  man."  His  firm  belief 
in  an  Over-ruling  Providence  is  shown  in  all  his  dispatches  and  messages 
to  headquarters  of  which  the  following  is  a  model:  "God  has  given  us  a 


26 

brilliant  victory  at  Harpers  Ferry  today."  Hon.  Job  W.  Daniel  says, 
"His  religion  tinged  all  the  acts  of  his  life.  It  Avas  no  shining  Sunday 
garment  but  his  uniform  at  home  and  abroad,  his  cloak  in  bivouac,  his 
armor  in  battle."  He  was  deeply  concerned  for  the  spiritual  welfare 
of  his  soldiers,  and  labored  to  secure  suitable  chaplains  for  his  army. 
"It  is  my  chief  desire,"  he  said,  "to  command  a  converted  army.  I  am 
anxious  that  my  men  shall  be  good  soldiers  of  the  Cross  as  well  as  good 
soldiers  of  their  country."  Henderson  says,  "He  was  not  a  fatalist  as 
some  have  asserted  and,  therefore,  careless  of  his  own  personal  safety. 
While  he  prayed  without  ceasing  under  fire  and  in  camp,  he  also  knew 
that  prayer  is  not  always  answered  in  the  way  which  man  would  have  it. 
He  went  into  battle  with  supreme  confidence  not  that  the  Lord  would 
deliver  the  enmy  into  his  hand  but  that  whatever  happened  would  be 
the  best  that  could  happen."  Thus  we  see  portrayed  in  this  soldier- 
Christian  an  uprightness  of  conduct,  a  stern  will  power  by  which  he  con- 
quered all  difficulties,  a  firm  belief  in  an  Overruling-Providence,  and  an 
entire  submission  to  the  will  of  God. 


"STONEWALL"   JACKSON'S   WAY 

(The  following  verses  were  found  stained  with  blood,  in  the  breast  pocket  of  a 
dead  soldier  of  the  old  Stonewall  Brigade,  after  one  of  Jackson's  battles  in  the 
Shenandoah  Valley.  They  are  believed  to  have  been  written  by  Dr.  F.  W.  Palmer 
of  Maryland.) 

Come,  stack  arms,  men !     Tile  on  the  rails ; 

Stir  up  the  camp-fire  bright ; 
No  matter  if  the  canteen  fails, 

We'll  make  a  roaring  night. 
Here  Shenandoah  brawls  along. 
Here  burly  Blue  Ridge  echoes  strong, 
To  swell  the  brigade's  rousing  song. 

Of  "Stonewall  Jackson's  way." 

We  see  him  now — the  old  slouched  hat 

Cocked  o'er  his  eye  askew — 
The  shrewd  dry  smile — the  speech  so  pat, 

So  calm,  so  blunt,  so  true. 
The  "Blue  Light,  Elder"  knows  'em  well ; 
Says  he,  "That's  Banks ;  he's  fond  of  shell. 
Lord  save  his  soul !  we'll  give  him  ,''  well 

That's  "Stonewall  Jackson's  way." 

Silence  !    Ground  arms  !    Kneel  all !    Caps  off ! 

Old  "Blue  Light's"  going  to  pray. 
Strangle  the  fool  that  dares  to  scoff ! 

Attention  !   it's  his  way  ! 
Appealing  from  his  native  sod 
In  forma  pauperis  to  God, 
"Lay  bare  thine  arms !    Stretch  forth  thy  rod  ! 

Amen  !"    That's  Stonewall's  way. 


27 

He's  in  the  saddle  now  :    Fall  in  ! 

Steady  !   The  whole  brigade  ! 
Hill's  at  the  ford,  cut  off ;  we'll  win 

His  way  out,  ball  and  blade. 
What  matter  if  our  shoes  are  worn? 
What  matter  if  our  feet  are  torn? 
Quick  step !  we're  with  him  before  dawn ! 

That's  Stonewall  Jackson's  way ! 

The  sun's  bright  lances  rout  the  mists 

Of  morning — and,  by  George  ! 
Here's  Longstreet,  struggling  in  the  lists, 

Hemmed  in  an  ugly  gorge. 
Pope  and  his  Yankees,  whipped  before  : 
"Bayonets  and  grape !"  hear  Stonewall  roar : 
"Charge,  Stuart !    Pay  off  Ashby's  score, 

In  Stonewall  Jackson's  way !" 

Ah.  maiden !  wait,  and  watch,  and  year 

For  news  of  Stonewall's  band ! 
Ah.  widow !  read — with  eyes  that  burn. 

That  ring  upon  thy  hand ! 
Ah  !  wife,  sew  on.  pray  on.  hope  on  : 
Thy  life  shall  not  be  all  forlorn. 
The  foe  had  better  ne'er  been  born. 

That  gets  in  Stonewall's  way. 

— F.  W.  Palmer. 

FEATURES    OF   THE   VALLEY   CAMPAIGN   WHICH   MARKED 
JACKSON  AS  A  MILITARY  GENIUS 

Rapidity  of  Movement 

Jackson's  Infantry  was  called  "foot  cavalry"  so  rapid  were  its  move- 
ments. The  rapid  movement  of  Jackson's  troops  in  the  Valley  Cam- 
paign contributed  largely  to  his  success.  Before  the  opposing  general 
could  get  reports  of  his  whereabouts  he  was  threatening  an  attack  at 
some  point  so  distant  from  his  last  known  position  as  to  create  a 
surprise  and  even  panic.  His  men  used  to  say,  "Old  Jack  always  moves 
at  early  dawn  except  when  he  starts  the  day  before."  One  man  was 
heard  to  say  as  he  struggled  along,  "Moses  took  forty  years  to  lead  the 
Israelites  through  the  wilderness,  and  Old  Jack  would  have  double- 
quicked  them  through  in  three  days."  Some  of  the  marches  of  his 
troops  have  never  been  surpassed  by  organized  men. 

Secrecy  of  Movement 

He  seldom  confided  his  plans  even  to  his  most  trusted  lieutenants. 
There  was  always  a  mystery  enveloping  his  army  and  its  movements ; 
the  most  contradictory  reports  of  his  numbers,  movements  and  plans 
were  continually  being  carried  to  the  Union  headquarters.  It  was  a 
part  of  his  tactics  to  deceive  and  mystify  the  enemy.     While  campaign- 


28 

ing,  General  Jackson  maintained  the  greatest  secrecy  in  regard  to  his 
plans;  this  habit  of  his  he  instilled  into  his  men  and  they  were  always 
silent  when  questioned.  An  amusing  story  is  told  of  one  of  Hood's 
Texans  whom  General  Jackson  found  straggling  from  his  command. 
"Where  are  you  going,  sir?"  asked  General  Jackson.  "I  don't  know," 
came  the  reply.  "What  command  do  you  belong  to?"  "Don't  know, 
sir."  "What  State  are  you  from?"  "I  cannot  tell."  "What  do  you 
know,  then,  sir?"  "Nothing  at  all  at  this  time,  sir,"  said  the  Texan. 
"Old  Stonewall  says  we  are  to  be  know-nothings  until  after  the  next 
fight  and  you  shall  not  make  me  violate  my  orders."  Jackson  laughed 
and  passed  on. 

Knowledge  of  the  Movements  and  Plans  of  the  Enemy 

His  knowledge  of  the  movement  and  plans  of  the  enemy  was  usually 
very  accurate  and  complete  and  if  any  link  was  missing,  he  supplied 
the  deficiency  by  an  almost  prophetic  insight.  His  success  was  not 
due  to  fortunate  circumstances  but  the  result  of  plans  based  upon 
carefully  collected  data  and  keen  knowledge  of  military  psychology. 
He  made  such  careful  and  thorough  study  of  the  elaborate  maps  pre- 
pared by  his  engineer,  which  marked  even  the  foot-paths  and  mountain 
rivulets,  that  his  men  declared  that  Jackson  "knew  every  hole  and 
corner  of  the  Valley  as  well  as  if  he  had  made  it  himself."  Jackson 
planned  every  movement  of  his  entire  army,  and  nearly  every  detail 
was  carried  out  under  his  own  eyes. 

After  the  surrender  of  Harper's  Ferry  a  Federal  soldier  was  heard  to 
say  to  his  comrade  as  Jackson  passed,  "Boys,  he's  not  much  for  looks, 
but  if  we'd  had  him,  we  wouldn't  have  been  caught  in  this  trap."  An- 
other time  a  Federal  officer  remarked  that  his  surprise  and  admiration 
of  Jackson's  perfect  knowledge  of  the  movements  of  the  Union  army 
was  only  equalled  by  the  shame  and  indignation  he  felt  at  such  in- 
competency on  the  part  of  the  Union  generals. 

Aggressiveness   In  Fighting 

His  aggressiveness  in  fighting  is  considered  the  most  powerful  cause 
contributing  to  his  success.  The  moral  effect  of  taking  the  initiative 
in  battle  cannot  be  too  greatly  estimated.  It  was  a  part  of  Jackson's 
character;  it  was  natural  for  him  to  strike  instead  of  waiting  to  be 
struck.  He  moved  his  forces  with  terrible  swiftness  and  delivered  his 
blows  without  hesitation  and  with  a  power  backed  by  his  own  will. 
"War,"  he  says,  "means  fighting."  His  following  remark  is  character- 
istic of  his  methods :  "Always  mystify,  mislead,  and  surprise  the  enemy 
if  possible;  and  when  you  strike  and  overcome  him,  never  give  up  the 
pursuit  as  long  as  your  men  have  strength  to  follow;  for  an  army 
routed,  if  hotly  pursued,  becomes  panic  stricken  and  can  be  destroyed 
by  half  their  number."  Another  rule  is,  "Never  fight  against  heavy  odds 
if  by  maneuvering  you  can  hurl  your  own  forces  on  only  a  part,  and 


29 

that  the  weakest  part,  of  your  enemy  and  crush  it.  Such  tactics  will 
win  every  time,  and  a  small  army  thus  may  destroy  a  large  one  in 
detail  and  repeated  victory  will  make  it  invincible."  "One  mail  a  week 
and  three  fights  a  day,"  said  an  Irishman,  "was  the  rule  in  Jackson's 
army." 

Affection  of  His  Soldiers 

He  had  a  wonderful  hold  upon  the  affection  of  his  soldiers.  The 
common  soldier  loved  him  not  so  much  for  his  successes  as  for  his 
lofty  character.  At  all  times  he  was  strong,  truthful,  self-denying,  and 
self-sacrificing.  He  was  a  hard  taskmaster,  exacting  and  severe.  "What- 
ever of  personal  magnetism  existed  in  Stonewall  Jackson,"  says  his 
biographer,  "found  no  utterance  in  words."  "Whilst  his  soldiers  strug- 
gled painfully  toward  Komney  in  the  teeth  of  a  winter  storm,  his  lips 
were  never  opened  save  for  sharp  rebuke  or  brief  orders.  But  the  men 
had  confidence  in  him.  He  had  gotten  them  out  of  many  a  difficulty 
and  something  in  his  manner  told  them  that  he  would  get  them  out  of 
any  difficulty.  The  sight  of  his  old  uniform  and  scrawny  sorrel  horse 
stirred  all  their  nerves  and  made  them  march  and  fight  as  they  could 
not  have  done  for  another  man.  And  then  they  knew  that  though  he 
was  harsh  he  was  just.  He  expected  great  things  of  them  but  he  would 
do  great  things  for  them.  He  would  slaughter  them  mercilessly  to  win 
a  victory;  but  when  it  was  won  he  would  give  them  the  glory,  under 
God,  and  would  cherish  the  survivors  with  a  parent's  tenderness."  Dr. 
Dabney  tells  us  that  on  one  occasion  when  Jackson's  men  had  endured 
hard  marching  and  fierce  fighting  Jackson  himself  kept  watch  saying, 
"Let  the  poor  fellows  sleep ;  I  will  guard  the  camp  myself."  The  poem, 
"Lone  Sentry,"  a  part  of  which  follows,  gives  a  soldier's  picture  of  this 
watch. 

"We  do  not  regard  him  as  a  severe  disciplinarian,"  writes  one  of  the 
soldiers,  "but  as  a  Christian,  a  brave  man  who  appreciates  the  condi- 
tions of  a  common  soldier,  as  a  fatherly  protector,  as  one  who  endures 
all  hardships  in  common  with  his  followers,  who  never  commands 
others  to  face  danger  without  putting  himself  in  the  van."  In  the  fierce 
battle  of  Cedar  Run  one  of  his  regiments  began  to  fall  back.  Jackson 
placed  himself  in  front  of  his  men,  drew  his  sword,  and  cried  in  a 
voice  of  thunder,  "Rally,  brave  men!  Jackson  will  lead  you!  Follow 
me !"  This  turned  the  tide  of  battle  and  the  Federal  army  broke  into 
full  retreat. 

One  of  his  contemporaries  is  quoted  as  saying,  "Jackson's  genius 
overcame  all  obstacles  and  even  turned  some  of  them  to  his  advantage. 
He  used  the  mountains  and  impassable  forests  to  screen  his  movements, 
the  raw  and  undisciplined  troops  that  came  to  his  hands  he  fused  into 
a  homogeneous  army — not  very  well  disciplined  soldiers  perhaps — but  a 
devoted  and  loyal  body  never  failing  to  respond  to  any  demands  he 
made  upon  them   on   the  march   or   on   the   field   of   battle."      Major 


30 

General  Heth  says,  "Quick  as  lightning  to  take  in  the  situation  con- 
fronting him,  he  knew  exactly  when,  where  and  how  to  strike,  and  when 
he  did  strike  he  was  as  irresistible  as  a  tornado — he  swept  all  before 
him.  Never  excited,  he  was  as  cool  under  fire  as  he  would  have  been 
if  attending  church." 

It  was  the  above  five  features  of  his  many  campaigns  that  marked 
Jackson  as  a  military  genius  and  spread  his  renoun.  The  plans  of  his 
battles  are  studied  by  military  men  and  used  by  them  as  models  of 
strategy  and  tactics  in  America  and  abroad. 

THE  LONE  SENTRY 

'Twas  at  the  dying  of  the  day, 

The  darkness  grew  so  still, 
The  drowsy  pipe  of  evening  birds 

Was  hushed  upon  the  hill. 
Athwart  the  shadows  of  the  vale 

Slumbered  the  men  of  might, 
And  one  lone  sentry  paced  his  rounds 

To  watch  the  camp  that  night. 

A  grave  and  solemn  man  was  he. 

With  deep  and  sombre  brow ; 
The  dreamful  eyes  seemed  hoarding  up 

Some  unaccomplished  vow. 
The  wistful  glance  peered  o'er  the  plain 

Beneath  the  starry  light ; 
And,  with  the  murmured  name  of  God, 

He  watched  the  camp  that  night. 

James  R.  Randall. 

IDIOSYNCRASIES   OF  JACKSON 

Many,  many  incidents  and  anecdotes  are  told  of  the  peculiarities  of 
Jackson.  A  few  authentic  ones  are  given  here  with  the  hope  that  they 
will  not  only  be  of  interest  but  will  also  give  a  better  understanding  of 
the  motives  that  actuated  his  daily  activities. 

Every  statement  of  his,  no  matter  how  unimportant,  had  to  be 
accurate ;  or,  if  inaccurate,  corrected.  He  walked  for  a  mile  in  the  rain 
one  night  after  ten  o'clock  to  correct  a  trivial  error  due  to  an  oversight 
on  his  part. 

One  of  his  principles  was  that  a  man  can  do  what  he  wills  to  do. 
His  inability  to  speak  in  public  annoyed  him  so  that  he  joined  a 
literary  club.  At  first  he  could  never  get  through  a  speech,  often  having 
to  sit  down  in  the  middle  of  a  sentence,  and  although  his  efforts  were 
very  painful  to  himself  and  his  hearers  he  kept  trying  until  he  became 
a  very  good  speaker. 

He  was  noted  for  being  a  strict  disciplinarian  and  was  no  more  lenient 
with  himself  than  with  others.  While  teaching  in  the  Virginia  Military 
Institute  he  suffered  from  dyspepsia,  which  caused  drowsiness,  and  his 


31 

eyes  were  also  giving  him  trouble.  In  order  to  do  justice  to  his  classes 
and  not  strain  his  eyes  he  would  stand  up  beside  his  desk  and  carefully 
read  over  the  lessons  for  the  next  day.  Then  in  the  evening  he  would  sit 
with  his  face  to  the  wall  and  go  over  in  his  mind  the  lessons  he  had 
read  until  they  were  his  own.  He  said  that  this  training  was  very 
helpful  to  him  in  later  life  when  he  had  to  work  out  plans  in  his  mind's 
eye  while  on  the  march. 

He  obeyed  the  letter  as  well  as  the  spirit  of  the  law  in  the  com- 
mandment to  remember  the  Sabbath  day  to  keep  it  holy.  He  refrained 
from  writing  letters  on  Sunday ;  he  would  not  read  a  letter  on  Sunday ; 
he  even  timed  the  sending  of  his  letters  so  they  would  not  encumber  the 
mail  on  Sunday.  He  also  refrained  as  much  as  possible  from  worldly 
conversation.  His  wife  says,  "If  a  secular  subject  was  introduced  on 
Sunday,  he  would  usually  say  with  a  smile,  'We  will  talk  about  that 
tomorrow.'  " 

He  made  a  point  of  being  punctual  to  a  minute.  One  of  his  associates 
at  Virginia  Military  Institute  says,  "I  have  known  him  to  walk  in  front 
of  the  superintendent's  quarters  in  a  hard  rain  because  the  hour  had 
not  arrived  when  it  was  his  duty  to  present  his  weekly  class  report." 
On  one  occasion  he  had  sent  for  his  pastor,  Dr.  White,  to  hold  a  re- 
ligious service  with  his  men.  When  the  hour  for  their  departure  struck, 
Jackson  took  up  the  line  of  march  and  left  his  beloved  pastor  praying. 

One  of  the  keynotes  of  his  great  success  as  a  soldier  was  prompt 
obedience  of  orders  and  requiring  the  same  of  others.  It  is  said  that 
he  continued  to  wear  a  thick  woolen  uniform  late  in  the  summer  be- 
cause he  had  been  given  orders  prescribing  that  uniform  and  none 
directing  it  to  be  changed. 

He  had  a  delicate  regard  for  the  feelings  of  others  and,  although 
rather  awkward  and  constrained,  he  was  inately  polite  and  courteous 
to  all.  He  made  a  rule  to  accept,  if  possible,  all  invitations,  saying 
that  when  a  friend  had  taken  the  trouble  to  invite  him  it  was  his  duty 
to  attend.  When  the  humblest  soldier  saluted  him  his  hat  was  lifted 
in  return.  To  the  gray  headed  darky  who  bowed  before  him,  he  would 
lift  his  hat  as  courteously  as  to  his  commander-in-chief. 

Even  in  early  childhood  Jackson  seemed  to  have  had  a  feeling  that 
it  was  wrong  to  yield  to  weaknesses  and  difficulties.  For  this  reason 
he  would  not  let  any  appetite  control  him  or  any  weakness  overcome 
him.  He  used  neither  coffee,  tobacco,  nor  strong  drinks  and  he  went 
all  winter  without  a  cloak  or  overcoat  giving  as  his  reason  that  he  did 
not  wish  to  give  way  to  cold.  Upon  being  asked  if  he  disliked  whiskey 
he  said,  "No,  I  like  it,  that  is  the  reason  I  never  use  it.  I  am  more 
afraid  of  it  than  all  the  Federal  bullets." 

There  seemed  to  be  no  pretentiousness  nor  desire  for  display  in  his 
make  up.  Some  of  his  admirers,  feeling  that  their  hero  would  appear 
to  better  advantage  if  mounted  on  a  blooded  horse,  presented  him  with 
one  but  Jackson  preferred  the  scraggy  old  sorrel  horse  because  he  stood 


32 

fire  well.  He  usually  rode  in  a  loose  shambling  manner  and  was  some- 
what indifferent  about  his  appearance,  preferring  the  weatherbeaten  old 
uniform  to  the  bright  new  ones  presented  him. 

Preferring  to  endure  the  same  hardships  as  his  men,  he  firmly  de- 
clined the  luxury  of  hospitable  mansions  along  the  line  of  march.  It 
was  said  that  his  headquarters  were  often  under  a  tree,  his  couch  in  a 
fence  corner;  his  camp  outfit  little  more  than  a  frying  pan  and  blanket. 
He  has  been  known  to  ride  for  three  days  and  nights  with  practically 
no  rest  or  food. 

He  was  extremely  conscientious  in  his  attention  to  details.  While  the 
soldiers  were  in  camp  he  was  usually  poking  about  in  out-of-way  places, 
often  riding  unattended  to  outposts  at  night  and  talking  with  the  pickets 
about  the  movement  of  the  enemy.  It  will  be  recalled  that  just  such 
a  mission  occasioned  his  death — he  was  mistaken  for  the  enemy  and 
fired  upon  by  his  own  men.  When  the  soldiers  would  hear  a  slight 
noise  at  night  they  would  say,  "There  goes  Old  Jack  or  a  horse." 

Jackson's  habit  of  walking  in  the  woods  in  order  to  be  alone  where 
he  could  pray  aloud  caused  those  who  chanced  to  see  him  say,  "Old 
Jack  is  crazy."  Old  Jim,  his  servant  said,  "Whenever  I  misses  massa 
a  little  while  in  the  day,  I  alius  knows  he  is  prayin'  a  spell;  whenever 
he's  out  all  night,  I  knows  we  are  goin'  to  move  next  day;  but  when  he 
stays  out  and  comes  back  from  a  long  spell  of  prayin',  I  knows  dars 
goin'  to  be  a  foight  somewhar,  mighty  quick,  and  dis  chile  packs  up  the 
valuables  and  gets  out  of  de  way,  like  a  sensible  cullud  pusson."  Old 
Jim  was  laughingly  called  Jackson's  barometer  and  this  story  was  the 
basis  for  the  poem,  "Observations  of  'Stonewall's'  Servant." 


OBSERVATIONS    OF    "STONEWALL'S"    SERVANT 

"I'll  tell  you  wat,  ole  Cato," 

Quoth  Cuff  by  the  bright  camp-fire, 
"We's  gwine  to  hab  a  battle ; 

Nebber  min'  dis  mud  an'  mire, 
Nebber  min'  dis  rain  wat  is  fallin' 

Enuff  to  melt  de  stones, 
We's  gwine  to  hab  a  battle, 

I  feels  it  in  my  bones. 

"You  passes  fur  a  prophit — 

I'se  heerd  dat  all  my  life; 
An'  you  gibs  me  de  name  ob  'Foolish' 

Before  my  berry  wife. 
But  fur  all  dat,  I  tells  you 

(Does  you  hear  me,  Cato  Jones.) 
We's  gwine  to  hab  a  battle, 

I  feels  it  in  my  bones." 


33 


Then  up  rose  old  Cato, 

That  swart,  yet  revered  sage, 
With  hair  as  white  as  lamb's  wool, 

And  the  stiffened  limbs  of;  age ; 
Yet  stately  in  his  presence 

And  stalwart  in  his  frame, 
A  man  in  his  Maker's  image, 

And  worthy  his  Roman  name. 

He  grasps  his  thorn-stick  tightly 

As  he  stood  above  the  fire, 
With  a  face  in  which  derision 

Was  blended  well  with  ire ; 
Then,  gazing  down  on  Cuffy 

With  an  eye  intense  with  scorn, 
He  spoke  these  words  of  wisdom — 

"You  feels  it,  try  a  horn ! 

"Does  you  tink  de  great  Commander 

Gib  such  as  you  to  know 
His   orders   to   his   captains 

In  de  night  time,  Cuffy  Crow? 
You  hears  de  masta  prayin', 

You  listens  wen  he  groans 
And  dats  de  way  dis  battle 

Am  stirrin'  in  your  bones. 

"I  seed  your  bead  eyes  twinklin', 

About  de  crack  of  day, 
When  de  masta  stopped  his  groanin' 

And  'posed  his  mind  to  pray; 
But  I  tought  you  knowed  your  manners 

Too  well  to  see  or  hear 
D'e  soldier  in  de  presence 

Ob  his  hebbenly  Brigadier. 

"He  prayed  like  dat  old  King  David 

Wat  loved  de  Lord  so  well ; 
He  called  on  de  God  ob  battles 

For  mo  den  I  kin  tell. 
I  felt  my  har  uprisin', 

Like  Job's,  upon  my  head, 
When  he  'voked  de  precious  sperits 

Ob  our  ole  Virginny  dead. 

"No  organ  in  white  folks'  churches 

Ebber  pealed  so  grand  a  sound 
As  de  masta's  voice  discoursin' 

'Bout  habbin'  Satan  bound. 
He  prayed  like  dat  holy  Samuel 

Wat  broke  de  pride  ob  Saul ; 
Den  I  knowed  de  white  trash  Linkum 

Boun'  to  hab  anoder  fall. 


34 

"Dis  day  dese  words  am  proven. 

We  goes  to  meet  de  foe ; 
It  takes  no  nigga  prophit 

To  guess  dat,  Cuffy  Crow. 
For  whenever  he  prays  and  groans. 

Why  dem  dat  lies  by  his  camp-fire 
Feel  battle  in  dere  bones." 

—Mrs.  Warfield,  Beechmore,  Ky. 

RELATION  OF  JACKSON  AND  LEE* 
Jackson's  Attitude  Toward  His  Superior  Officer,  Lee 

The  study  of  the  practical  military  relations  of  the  two  great  com- 
manders, Jackson  and  Lee,  is  of  extreme  interest  and  gives  an  insight 
into  the  character  of  each. 

When  Jackson  and  Lee  first  met  does  not  appear.  Jackson  said  early 
in  the  war  that  he  had  known  Lee  for  twenty-five  years.  They  may 
have  seen  something  of  each  other  in  Mexico.  They  may  have  seen 
something  of  each  other  in  Virginia  before  the  war.  If  so,  there  seems 
to  be  no  record  of  it.  At  any  rate,  Jackson  thought  well  of  Lee  from 
the  first,  and  said  of  him  when  he  was  appointed  to  command  the 
Virginia  forces,  "His  services  I  regard  as  of  more  value  to  us  than 
General  Scott  could  render  as  a  commander.  .  .  .  It  is  understood 
that  General  Lee  is  to  be  commander-in-chief.  I  regard  him  as  a  better 
officer  than  General  Scott." 

From  that  beginning  the  lieutenant's  loyalty  to  his  chief  grew 
steadily,  not  only  his  loyalty  but  his  personal  admiration  and  affection. 
He  remarked  to  McGuire  after  visiting  Lee  in  the  hospital,  "General 
Lee  is  the  most  perfect  animal  form  I  ever  saw."  But  illustrations  on 
a  somewhat  broader  plane  are  abundant  enough.  "General  Lee  has 
always  been  very  kind  to  me  and  I  thank  him,"  said  Jackson  simply, 
as  he  lay  on  his  death-bed. 

The  enthusiasm  of  that  ardent  nature  was  ever  ready  to  show  itself 
in  an  almost  over-zealous  devotion.  Lee  once  sent  word  that  he  should 
be  glad  to  talk  with  his  subordinate  at  his  convenience  on  some  matter 
of  no  great  urgency.  Thereupon  Jackson  immediately  rode  to  head- 
quarters through  the  most  inclement  weather.  When  Lee  expressed  sur- 
prise at  seeing  him,  the  other  answered,  "General  Lee's  lightest  wish  is  a 
supreme  command  to  me,  and  I  always  take  pleasure  in  prompt  obedi- 
ence." If  we  consider  what  Jackson's  nature  was,  it  is  manifest  that 
he  gave  the  highest  possible  proof  of  loyalty  when  in  response  to  the 
suggestion  that  he  return  to  an  individual  command  in  the  Valley, 
he  answered  that  he  did  not  desire  it,  but  in  every  way  preferred  a 
subordinate  position  near  General  Lee. 

Jackson's  personal  affection  for  Lee  was,  of  course,  intimately  bound 
up  with  confidence  in  his  military  ability.  Even  in  the  early  days,  when 
Jackson  had  been  in  vain  demanding  reinforcements   and  word  was 

♦Bradford   Gamaliel,   Jr.,    "Lee   and   Jackson,"   Atlantic  Monthly,  June,    1911,   pp. 

778-788. 


35 

brought  of  Lee's  appointment  to  supreme  command,  Jackson's  comment 
was,  "Well,  madam,  I  am  reinforced  at  last."  On  various  occasions, 
when  others  doubted  Lee's  judgment  or  questioned  his  decisions,  Jackson 
was  entirely  in  agreement  with  his  chief.  For  instance,  Longstreet 
disapproved  Lee's  determination  to  fight  at  Sharpsburg,  and  Eopes  and 
other  critics  have  since  condemned  it.  Jackson,  however,  though  he 
had  no  part  in  it,  gave  it  his  entire  and  hearty  approval. 

I  do  not  find  anywhere,  even  in  the  most  private  letters,  a  disposition 
in  Jackson  to  quarrel  with  Lee's  plans  or  criticize  his  arrangements. 
On  the  contrary,  when  objections  are  made,  he  is  ready  to  answer  them, 
and  eagerly,  and  heartily,  "General  Lee  is  equal  to  any  emergency 
that  may  arise.  I  trust  implicitly  in  his  great  ability  and  superior 
wisdom." 

Jackson  had  plans  of  his  own  and  sometimes  talked  of  them.  He  was 
asked  why  he  did  not  urge  them  upon  Lee.  "I  have  done  so,"  was  his 
answer.  "And  what  does  he  say  to  them  ?"  "He  says  nothing.  But  do 
not  understand  that  I  complain  of  his  silence ;  it  is  proper  that  General 
Lee  should  observe  it.  He  is  wise  and  prudent.  He  feels  that  he  bears 
a  fearful  responsibility  and  he  is  right  in  declining  a  hasty  expression 
of  his  purpose  to  a  subordinate  like  me." 

Again  someone  found  fault  with  Lee's  slowness.  Jackson  contra- 
dicted warmly:  "General  Lee  is  not  slow.  ISTo  one  knows  the  weight 
upon  his  heart,  his  great  responsibility.  He  is  commander-in-chief. 
and  he  knows  that  if  an  army  is  lost,  it  cannot  be  replaced.  No ! 
There  may  be  some  persons  whose  good  opinion  of  me  will  make  them 
attach  some  weight  to  my  views,  and  if  you  ever  hear  that  said  of 
General  Lee,  I  beg  you  will  contradict  it  in  my  name.  I  have  known 
General  Lee  for  twenty-five  years;  he  is  cautious;  he  ought  to  be.  But 
he  is  not  slow."  And  he  concluded  with  one  of  the  finest  expressions 
of  loyalty  ever  uttered  by  a  subordinate,  and  such  a  subordinate :  "Lee 
is  a  phenomenon.     He  is  the  only  man  I  would  follow  blindfold." 

After  this,  who  can  question  the  sincerity  of  the  words  spoken  on  his 
death-bed,  "Better  that  ten  Jacksons  should  fall  than  one  Lee!" 

Lee's  Opinion  of  Jackson 

And  what  did  Lee  think  of  Jackson?  As  always,  Lee's  judgments 
are  more  difficult  to  get  at.  He  did  not  hesitate  to  advise  Jackson  as 
freely  as  he  would  any  other  subordinate.  He  even  frequently  gave 
sharp  orders,  approaching  sternness.  "You  must  use  your  discretion 
and  judgment  in  these  matters,  and  be  careful  to  husband  the  strength 
of  your  command  as  much  as  possible."  Yet  Lee's  deep  affection  for 
his  great  lieutenant  and  perfect  confidence  in  him  are  beyond  question. 
It  has  been  well  pointed  out  that  this  is  proved  practically  by  the  fact 
that  the  commander-in-chief  always  himself  remained  with  Longstreet 
and  left  Jackson  to  operate  independently,  as  if  the  former  were  more  in 
need  of  personal  supervision.     Lee's  own  written  words  to  Jackson  are 


36 

also — for  Lee — very  enthusiastic :  "Your  recent  successes  have  been 
the  cause  of  the  liveliest  joy  in  this  army  as  well  as  in  the  country. 
The  admiration  excited  by  your  skill  and  boldness  has  been  constantly 
mingled  with  solicitude  for  your   situation." 

Jackson's  wound  and  death  and  the  realization  of  his  loss  produced  at 
a  later  time  expressions  of  a  warmth  so  unusual  as  to  be  almost  startling. 
"If  I  had  had  Stonewall  Jackson  at  Gettysburg,  I  should  have  won  that 
battle."  "Such  an  executive  officer  the  sun  never  shone  on.  I  have  but  to 
show  him  my  design,  and  I  know  that  if  it  can  be  done  it  will  be  done." 
The  messages  sent  to  the  dying  general  are  as  appreciative  as  they  are 
tender.  "You  are  better  off  than  I  am,  for  while  you  have  only  lost 
your  left,  I  have  lost  my  right  arm."  "Tell  him  that  I  am  praying  for 
him,  as  I  believe  I  have  never  prayed  for  myself."  And  only  those  who 
are  familiar  with  Lee  can  appreciate  the  agony  of  the  parting  outcry, 
"Jackson  will  not — he  cannot  die!"  General  Lee  exclaimed  in  a  broken 
voice,  and  waving  every  one  from  him  with  his  hand,  "He  cannot  die." 

"THE  BRIGADE  MUST  NOT  KNOW,  SIR!" 

(On  the  evening  of  the  first  day's  fight  at  Chancellorsville,  Va.,  May  2,  1863, 
where  Stonewall  Jackson  had  accomplished  his  famous  flank  movement  around  the 
Union  right,  he  rode  out  to  inspect  the  ground  for  the  morrow's  battle,  and  in  the 
darkness  was  taken  for  the  enemy  and  shot  by  some  of  his  own  pickets.  He  died 
on  the  10th  of  May  following.) 

"Who've  ye  got  there?" — "Only  a  dying  brother, 

Hurt  in  the  front  just  now." 
"Good  boy!  he'll  do.     Somebody  tell  his  mother — 

Where  he  was  killed,  and  how." 

"Whom  have  you  here?" — "A  crippled  courier,  Major, 

Shot  by  mistake,  we  hear, 
He  was  with  Stonewall." — "Cruel  work  they've  made  here ; 

Quick  with  him  to  the  rear !" 

"Well,  who  comes  next?" — "Doctor,  speak  low,  speak  low,  sir; 

Don't  let  the  men  find  out ! 
It's  STONEWALL !"— "God !"— "The  brigade  must  not  know,  sir, 

While  there's  a  foe  about !" 

Whom  have  we  here — shrouded  in  martial  manner, 

Crowned  with  a  martyr's  charm? 
A  grand  dead  hero,  in  a  living  banner. 

Born  of  his  heart  and  arm : 

The  heart  whereon  his  cause  hung — see  how  clingeth 

That  banner  to  his  bier ! 
The  arm  wherewith  his  cause  struck — hark !  how  ringeth 

His  trumpet  in  their  rear ! 

What  have  we  left?     His  glorious  inspiration. 

His  prayers  in  council  met. 
Living,  he  laid  the  first  stones  of  a  nation ; 

And  dead,  he  builds  it  vet.  — J.  W.  Palmer. 


&a  &fl 


PROGRAM 


FOR 


TEMPERANCE  OR  LAW  AND  ORDER  DAY 

Friday 
January  28,   1927 


%ta  era 


*■"  tW5> 


PROGRAM 

for 

TEMPERANCE  OR  LAW  AND  ORDER  DAY 

Friday,   January   28,   1927 

"I  therefore  believe  it  is  my  duty  to  my  country  to  love  it ;  to  support 
its  Constitution;  to  obey  its  laws;  to  respect  its  flag;  and  to  defend  it 
against  all  enemies." 

— From  The  American 's  Creed. 

I.  Song — Battle  Hymn  of  the  Republic. 

II.  Prayer. 

III.  Address — Law  and  Order — Calvin  Coolidge. 

IV.  Temperance  in  the  Public  Schools- — Claxton. 
V.  Poem— The  Builder. 

VI.     Lessons  in  Patriotism. 

VII.     The  Athenian  Oath. 

VIII.     Song — America. 

IX.     A    Champion    of    the    Cause    of    Temperance — Frances    E.    Willard. 
(A  brief  character  sketch.) 

X.  Poem — The  Better  Way. 

XL  Pledges  to  the  Flag. 

XII.  Our  Flag — What  it  Means. 

XIII.  Pageant — Our  Country's  Purpose.      (For  seven  children.) 

XIV.  Song— The  Old  Xorth  State. 


MATERIALS  FOR  USE  IN  PREPARING  A  PROGRAM 

for 

TEMPERANCE  OR  LAW  AND   ORDER  DAY 

January   28,   1927 

A  PRAYER 

God,  make  me  a  man — 

Give  me  the  strength  to  stand  for  right 

When  other  folks  have  left  the  fight. 

Give  me  the  courage  of  the  man 

Who  knows  that  if  he  wills  he  can. 

Teach  me  to  see  in  every  face 

The  good,  the  kind  and  not  the  base. 

Make  me  sincere  in  word  and  deed, 

Blot  out  from  me  all  sham  and  greed. 

Help  me  to  guard  my  troubled  soul 

By  constant,  active  self-control. 

Clean  up  my  thoughts,  my  speech,  my  play, 

And  keep  me  pure  from  day  to  day. 

O  make  of  me  a  man ! 

— Harlan  G.  Metcalf. 

LAW  AND  ORDER 

"There  are  strident  voices  urging  resistance  to  law  in  the  name  of 
freedom.  They  are  not  seeking  freedom  even  for  themselves — they  have 
it ;  they  are  seeking  to  enslave  others.  Their  works  are  evil.  They  know 
it.  They  must  be  resisted.  The  evil  they  represent  must  be  overcome 
by  the  good  others  represent.  These  ideas  which  are  wrong,  for  the 
most  part  imported,  must  be  supplanted  by  ideas  which  are  right.  This 
can  be  done.  The  meaning  of  America  is  a  power  which  cannot  be 
overcome. 

"It  is  fundamental  that  freedom  is  not  to  be  secured  by  disobedience 
to  law.  Even  the  freedom  of  the  slave  depended  on  the  supremacy  of 
the  Constitution.  There  is  no  mystery  about  this.  'They  who  sin  are 
the  servants  of  sin.'  They  who  break  the  laws  are  the  slaves  of  their 
own  crime.  It  is  not  for  the  advantage  of  others  that  the  citizen  is 
abjured  to  obey  the  laws,  but  for  his  own  advantage.  What  he  claims 
a  right  to  do  to  others,  that  must  he  admit  others  have  a  right  to  do  to 
him.  His  obedience  is  his  own  protection.  He  is  not  submitting  him- 
self to  the  dictates  of  others,  but  responding  to  the  requirements  of 
his  own  nature.  Laws  are  not  manufactured,  they  are  not  imposed; 
they  are  rules  of  action  existing  from  everlasting  to  everlasting.  He 
who  resists  them  resists  himself ;  he  commits  suicide.  The  nature  of 
man  requires  sovereignty.  Government  must  govern.  To  obey  is  life. 
To  disobey  is  death.  Organized  government  is  the  expression  of  the  life 
of  the  Commonwealth." — Calvin  Coolidge. 


40 

TEMPERANCE  IN  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 

"With  all  persons  who  are  interested  in  the  education  of  children,  in 
the  upbuilding  of  humanity,  and  the  attainment  of  the  highest  ideals 
of  a  democracy,  I  rejoice  at  the  coming  of  prohibition  for  the  United 
States.  In  the  creation  of  a  sentiment  which  has  resulted  first  in  local 
option,  then  in  state  prohibition,  and  now  in  national  prohibition,  the 
schools  of  the  country  have  played  a  very  important  part — in  fact, 
probably  a  major  part.  It  is  a  good  illustration  of  the  truth  of  the 
saying  that  'Whatsoever  we  would  have  in  the  nation  in  the  next 
generation  we  should  put  into  the  school  of  this  generation.' 

"We  must,  however,  remember  that  the  fight  for  temperance,  sobriety, 
clean  and  healthy  living  is  not  fully  won.  In  fact,  it  never  will  be 
finally  won.  It  can  only  be  won  for  a  single  generation  at  a  time,  or 
even  for  a  few  years  at  a  time.  It  is,  therefore,  necessary  that  the 
teaching  of  health  and  of  things  pertaining  thereto  should  be  continued 
in  our  schools  and  emphasized  more  than  it  has  been  in  the  past." — 
Hon.  P.  P.  Claxton,  former  U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Education. 

THE  BUILDER 

An  old  man  going  a  lone  highway, 
Came  at  evening,  cold  and  gray, 
To  a  chasm  vast  and  deep  and  wide. 
The  old  man  crossed  at  the  twilight  dim, 
The  sullen  stream  had  no  fear  for  him ; 
But  he  turned  when  safe  on  the  other  side 
And  built  a  bridge  to  span  the  tide. 

"Old  man,"  said  a  fellow  pilgrim  near, 

"You  are  wasting  your  strength  with  building  here; 

Your  journey  will  end  with  the  ending  day, 

You  never  again  will  pass  this  way: 

You've  crossed  the  chasm  deep  and  wide, 

Why  build  you  this  bridge  at  eventide?" 

The  builder  lifted  his  old  gray  head, 

"Good  friend,  in  the  path  I've  come,"  he  said, 

"There  followed  after  me  today 

A  youth  whose  feet  must  pass  this  way; 

This  chasm  that  has  been  as  naught  to  me 

To  that  fair-haired  youth  may  a  pitfall  be; 

He,  too,  must  cross  in  the  twilight  dim. 

Good  friend,  I'm  building  this  bridge  for  him." 

— C.  A.  Koixs. 

LESSONS  IN  PATRIOTISM 

Breathes  there  the  man,  with  soul  so  dead, 

Who  never  to  himself  hath  said, 

This  is  my  own,  my  native  land ! 

Whose  heart  hath  ne'er  within  him  burned, 


41 

As  home  his  footsteps  he  hath  turned 
From  wandering  on  a  foreign  strand ! 
If  such  there  breathe,  go,  mark  him  well ; 
For  him  no  minstrel  raptures  swell ; 
High  though  his  titles,  proud  his  name, 
Boundless  his  wealth  as  wish  can  claim ; 
Despite   those   titles,    power,    and    pelf, 
The  wretch,  concentered  all  in  self, 
Living,  shall  forfeit  fair  renown, 
And,   doubly   dying,   shall   go   down 
To  the  vile  dust,  from  whence  he  sprung, 
Unwept,   unhonored,   and   unsung. 

— Sir  Walter  Scott. 
Patriotism 
What  is  Patriotism? 

"The  peculiarity  of  patriotism  in  America  is  that  it  is  not  a  mere 
sentiment.    It  is  an  active  principle  of  conduct." — Woodrow  Wilson. 

"Patriotism  is  merely  another  name  for  those  qualities  of  soul  which 
make  a  man  in  peace  or  in  war  by  day  or  by  night  think  of  his  duty 
to  his  fellows  and  of  his  duty  to  the  nation  through  which  their  and  his 
loftiest  aspirations  must  find  their  fitting  expressions." — Theodore 
Roosevelt. 
What  is  American  Liberty? 

"Liberty  guaranteed  by  the  Constitution  is  liberty  regulated  by  law. 
The  law  which  regulates  liberty  is  that  which  is  adopted  upon  the  will 
of  the  majority  for  the  general  public  benefit." — "William  Howard 
Taft. 

Law  Observance  and  Law  Enforcement 

What  is  the  Law  in  America? 

"The  law  represents  the  voice  of  the  people.  Beyond  it,  and  sup- 
porting it,  is  a  divine  sanction.  Enforcement  of  law  and  obedience 
to  law,  by  the  very  nature  of  our  institutions,  are  not  matters  of 
choice  in  this  republic,  but  the  expression  of  a  moral  requirement  of 
living  in  accordance  with  the  truth. 

"They  are  clothed  with  a  spiritual  significance,  in  which  is  revealed 
the  life  or  the   death   of  the  American  ideal  of   self-government." — - 
President  Coolidge. 
Can  Government  Exist  Without  Obedience  to  Law? 

"The  very  idea  of  the  power  and  right  of  the  people  to  establish* 
government  presupposes  the  duty  of  every  individual  to  obey  the  estab- 
lished government. 

"All  obstructions  to  the  execution  of  the  laws,  under  whatever 
plausible  character,  with  the  real  design  to  direct,  control,  counteract, 
or  awe  the  regular  deliberation  and  action  of  the  constituted  authorities, 
are  destructive  of  this  fundamental  principle." — George  Washington. 
Are  All  Classes  in  America  Subject  to  the  Law? 

"Ours  must  be  a  law-abiding  republic,  and  reverence  and  obedience 
must  spring  from  the  influential  leaders  among  men,  as  well  as  obedi- 


42 

ertce    from    the    humbler    citizen,    else    the    temple    will    collapse." — 
Warren  G.  Harding. 

7s  Law  Enforcement  Necessary? 

"In  order  to  maintain  the  Union  unimpaired,  it  is  absolutely  neces- 
sary that  the  laws  passed  by  the  constituted  authorities  should  be 
faithfully  executed  in  every  part  of  the  country,  and  that  every  good 
citizen  should,  at  all  times,  stand  ready  to  put  down,  with  the  combined 
force  of  the  nation,  every  attempt  at  unlawful  resistance,  under  what- 
ever pretext  it  may  be  made,  or  whatever  shape  it  may  assume." — 
Andrew  Jackson. 
What  is  the  Duty  of  Citizens  Relative  to  the  Law? 

"It  is  the  duty  of  a  citizen  not  only  to  observe  the  law  but  to  let  it  be 
known  that  he  is  opposed  to  its  violation." — President  Ooolidge. 

Constitutional  Rights  and  Obligations 

What  Must  We  Do  to  Support  the  Constitution? 

"We  must  strengthen  ourselves,  and  gird  up  our  loins  with  new  reso- 
lution ;  we  must  counsel  each  other ;  and,  determined  to  sustain  each 
other  in  the  support  of  the  Constitution,  prepare  to  meet  manfully 
whatever  of  difficulty  or  of  danger,  whatever  of  effort  or  of  sacrifice, 
the  providence  of  God  may  call  upon  us  to  meet. 

"Are  we  of  this  generation  so  derelict,  have  we  so  little  of  the  blood 
of  our  Revolutionary  fathers  coursing  through  our  veins,  that  we  cannot 
preserve  what  they  achieved?" — Daniel  Webster. 
Is  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  a  Valid  Part  of  the  Constitution? 

"The  Eighteenth  Amendment  is  the  will  of  America  and  must  be 
sustained  by  the  government  and  public  opinion,  else  contempt  for  the 
law  will  undermine  our  very  foundation." — Warren  G.  Harding. 
7s  Disobedience  of  Constitutional  Amendments  Justifiable? 

"When  a  two-thirds  majority  of  Congress  and  three-fourths  of  the 
state  legislatures  adopt  a  constitutional  amendment,  and  a  majority 
of  each  house  of  Congress  passes  a  law  to  enforce  it,  the  rules  of  the 
game  of  popular  government  are  that  all  living  under  that  government 
must  obey.  It  is  not  patriotic,  it  is  not  sportsmanlike  to  evade  or 
disobey." — Chief  Justice  Taft. 

Ideals   of   Americanism* 

What  is  Americanism? 

The  term  Americanism  is  heard  frequently  in  these  days.  It  is  right, 
therefore,  to  ask  for  an  interpretation  of  Americanism.  The  inter- 
pretation must  come  up  from  the  whole  people,  and  must  represent  the 
fundamental  trends  of  American  life  and  thought,  the  ideals  in  action  of 
our  great  American  people.  Americanism  is  behavior  in  harmony  with 
American  ideals.  It  can  be  nothing  else.  It  is  not  a  matter  for  easy 
definition  or  snap  judgment.    It  is  a  matter  for  careful  study. 


*The   selections   on   Americanism   were  'taken  from    "What   is   Americanism?"   by 
Wilson,  published  by  Silver,  Burdett  and  Company. 


43 

Who  is  the  Good  American? 

The  good  American  exhibits  in  his  behavior  and  thinking  the  ideals  of 
our  great  American  people.  As  I  analyze  our  ideals,  I  am  willing  to 
say  quite  definitely  that  I  think  the  good  American 

— is  clean  and  healthy  in  his  habits. 

—is  law  abiding. 

— is  a  good  worker,  industrious  and  self -supporting. 

— seeks  education  and  self-improvement. 

— is  temperate,   economical,   and   saves   enough   to   provide   for   a 
family,  and  for  old  age. 

— is  honest,  truthworthy,  reliable. 

— is  a  student  and  thinker.     He  studies  and  thinks  through  before 
reaching  a  decision. 

— is  tolerant  of  the  opinions  and  preferences  of  others. 

— plays  fair  and  open,  does  not  seek  undue  advantage,  wants  simple 
justice. 

— is  prompt  in  the  performance  of  duties,  large  or  small. 

— cooperates  with  his  fellows. 

— is  kind  and  sympathetic,  a  lover  of  peace,  a  begetter  of  good  will 
and  friendship. 

— is  loyal  and  patriotic,  a  good  citizen  every  day. 

— is  reverent. 
What  is  the  Platform  of  Americanism?     What  are  the  Ideals? 

The  good  American,  in  order  that  his  behavior  may  be  consistent, 
has  reduced  his  code  of  action  to  definite  ideals. 

— health  and  cleanliness. 

— equality  of  opportunity. 

— respect  for  law. 

— liberty  under  law. 

— self-control,  temperance,  sobriety  in  thought  and  action. 

— the  dignity  of  labor. 

— public  education  at  public  expense. 

— savings   (they  make  possible  social  progress). 

— honesty  the  best  policy. 

— the  sacredness  of  truth. 

— right  for  right's  sake. 

— study  and  thought  before  action. 

— toleration.     (It  is  an  American  principle.) 

— fair  play  and  simple  justice. 

— public  office  as  a  public  trust. 

— faithful  fulfillment  of  obligations. 

— performance  of  duty. 

— cooperation. 

— kindness. 

—loyalty. 

— reverence. 


44 

This  is  a  worthy  platform,  worthy  of  the  great  American  people. 
It  has  twenty-one  planks.  If  you  want  a  still  simpler  platform,  go 
back  to  the  ancients.  They  recognized  four  cardinal  virtues — prudence, 
justice,  temperance,  fortitude.  You  will  find  it  interesting  and  worth- 
while to  take  these  four  cardinal  virtues  of  the  ancients  and  see  how 
many  of  the  planks  noted  above  you  can  put  under  them.  The  im- 
portant thing  is  not  a  platform  that  reads  well,  but  one  that  carries 
over  into  daily  behavior.  If  rightly  used  as  a  basis  of  action  your 
ideals  will  determine  the  course  of  your  life  and  your  ultimate  goal. 
They  give  a  set,  as  it  were,  to  your  soul.  This  idea  is  well  expressed 
by  Frank  B.  McAllister  in  the  following  stanzas : 

THE  SET  OF  THE   SAIL 

One  ship  drives  east  and  another  drives  west, 

While  the  selfsame  breezes  blow ; 
It's  the  set  of  the  sails  and  not  the  gales, 

That  bids  them  where  to  go. 

Like  the  winds  of  the  seas  are  the  ways  of  the  fates, 

As  we  voyage  along  through  life ; 
It's  the  set  of  the  soul  that  decides  the  goal, 

And  not  the  storms  or  the  strife. 

How  Can,  You  Qualify  for  One  Hundred  Per  Cent  Americanism? 

It  is  not  necessary  to  be  twenty-one  years  of  age  in  order  to  qualify 
for  one  hundred  per  cent  Americanism.  If  you  were  born  in  America, 
you  are  an  American  citizen.  You  should  be  proud  of  that  fact.  Be- 
come familiar  with  the  best  in  American  ideals,  and  govern  your  daily 
action  accordingly.     Begin  where  you  are. 

— work  hard,  but  intelligently. 

— cooperate  fully  and  understandingly. 

— be  fair,  in  work  and  play. 

— build  up  good  habits. 

— be  loyal. 

— do  all  the  things  that  should  characterize  the  good  American. 

Your  teacher  can  help  you  in  your  development  in  Americanism. 
William  McAudrew,  one  of  our  greatest  living  educators,  thinks  that 
the  school  should  be  a  true  democracy.  The  old  school  was  too  fre- 
quently an  autocracy.  Brand  Whitlock  says  the  school  of  his  boyhood 
was  a  jail.  This  is  as  unnecessary  as  it  is  undesirable.  Teachers  have 
learned  to  apply  the  principles  of  American  democracy  to  the  school- 
room. Pupils  work  better  when  they  know  the  reasons  for  tasks,  and 
their  value,  and  when  the  tasks  are  given  pointed  application  to  present- 
day  situations.  Thus  the  pupil  is  made  a  cooperator  with  the  teacher. 
The  modern  schoolroom  should  develop  the  true  spirit  of  Americanism. 


45 

A   PATRIOTIC   CREED 

To  serve  my  country  day  by  day 

At  any  humble  post  I  may ; 

To  honor  and  respect  her  flag, 

To  live  the  traits  of  which  I  brag; 

To  be  American  in  deed 

As  well  as  in  my  printed  creed. 

To  stand  for  truth  and  honest  toil, 
To  till  my  little  patch  of  soil 
And  keep  in  mind  the  debt  I  owe 
To  them  who  died  that  I  might  know 
My  country,  prosperous  and  free, 
And  passed  this  heritage  to  me. 

I  must  always  in  trouble's  hour 
Be  guided  by  the  men  in  power : 
For  God  and  country  I  must  live. 
My  best  for  God  and  country  give ; 
No  act  of  mine  that  men  may  scan 
Must  shame  the  name  American. 

To  do  my  best  and  play  my  part. 

American  in  mind  and  heart : 

To  serve   the  flag  and   bravely  stand 

To  guard  the  glory  of  my  land  : 

To  be  American  in  deed, 

God  grant  me  strength  to  keep  this  creed. 

— Edgar  Guest. 

THE  ATHENIAN  OATH 

"We  will  never  bring  disgrace  to  this,  our  city,  by  any  act  of  dis- 
honesty or  cowardice,  nor  ever  desert  our  suffering  comrades  in  the 
ranks.  We  will  fight  for  the  ideal  and  sacred  things  of  the  city  both 
alone  and  with  many;  we  will  revere  and  obey  the  city's  laws  and  do 
our  best  to  incite  a  like  respect  and  reverence  in  those  above  us  who 
are  prone  to  annul  or  set  them  at  naught ;  we  will  strive  unceasingly 
to  quicken  the  public's  sense  of  civic  duty.  Thus  in  all  these  ways 
we  will  transmit  this  city  not  only  not  less,  but  greater  than  it  was 
transmitted  to  us." 

A  CHAMPION  OF  THE  CAUSE  OF  TEMPERANCE- 
FRANCES  E.  WILLARD 

Every  cause  has  its  pioneers.  Frances  E.  Willard,  one  of  the  out- 
standing champions  of  the  cause  of  Temperance,  died  about  twenty 
years  too  soon  to  see  the  achievement  of  the  two  great  ends  to  which  she 
applied  her  extraordinary  powers — national  prohibition  and  woman  suf- 
frage— objects  regarded  by  her  as  one  and  inseparable.  But  for  nearly 
twenty-five  years,  ending  with  her  death  in  1898,  they  were  the  very 


46 

breath  of  her  being  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  lavish  ex- 
penditure of  her  gifts  of  organization,  of  utterance  through  the  spoken 
and  written  word,  and  of  direct  personal  influence,  all  employed  with 
enormous  physical  energy,  bore  a  vital  relation  to  the  ultimate  adoption 
of  the  Eighteenth  and  Nineteenth  amendments  to  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States.  Any  consideration  of  her  character  and  career  must 
take  into  account  her  part  in  the  temperance  movement  and  her  ability 
as  an  effective  reformer. 

Through  both  her  father,  Joshiah  Flint  Willard,  and  her  mother, 
Mary  Thompson  (Hill)  Willard,  she  inherited  the  sturdiest  New 
England  qualities  of  self-reliance.  She  liked  to  interpret  the  name 
Willard  as  meaning  "one  who  wills"  and  did  not  reject  its  other  defi- 
nition, "will-hard." 

Throughout  her  girlhood  "Frank"  Willard,  as  she  was  often  called, 
revealed  many  qualities  which  marked  her  as  a  young  woman  out  of 
the  ordinary.  As  a  student  in  school  she  had  both  ambition  and  ability 
coupled  with  rare  qualities  of  leadership.  The  formative  years  of  her 
life  were  filled  with  enlarging  experiences — in  teaching,  in  an  escape 
from  matrimony,  in  deep  bereavement,  and  in  foreign  travel. 

Study,  travel,  and  many  human  relationships  had  enriched  her  mind 
and  spirit.  She  was  filled  with  zeal  to  make  the  wOrld  a  better  place 
through  her  sharing  in  its  affairs,  and  when  the  "temperance  door" 
opened  she  responded  to  the  appeal.  She  was  very  ambitious  and 
frankly  fond  of  approbation.  She  had  no  hesitation  in  recording  as  her 
"chief  besetting  sins" — "a  speculative  mind,  a  hasty  temper,  a  too  ready 
tongue,  and  the  purpose  to  be  a  celebrated  person."  In  writing  of  her- 
self she  said,  "I  always  wanted  to  react  upon  the  world  about  me  to  my 
utmost  ounce  of  power;  to  be  widely  known,  loved,  and  believed  in — 
the  more  widely  the  better.  Every  life  has  its  master  passion;  this 
has  been  mine." 

Ambition,  self-confidence,  the  inevitable  egotism  of  the  reformer,  the 
sense  of  responsibility,  all  curbed  and  directed  by  a  deep  and  genuine 
spirit  of  religion — these  forces  joined  in  Frances  Willard — made  her 
the  power  she  was. 

As  a  temperance  advocate  and  as  president  of  the  National  W.  C. 
T.  U.,  Avhich  post  she  served  for  nineteen  years,  she  spoke  in  every  city 
and  town  in  the  United  States,  numbering  more  than  ten  thousand 
inhabitants  and  in  most  of  those  with  five  thousand.  During  her  years 
of  active  life  she  probably  addressed  a  larger  number  of  public  audiences 
than  any  man  or  woman  of  her  time.  In  the  course  of  a  year  she 
answered  20,000  letters.  Frances  Willard  brought  to  the  cause  she 
led — the  religious  work  of  women  for  temperance — a  sincerity  and  a 
directing  force  which  must  be  counted  among  the  powerful  agencies 
leading  to  the  adoption  of  prohibition  as  a  national  policy. 

Miss  Willard's  early  desire  to  become  a  celebrated  person  was  abund- 
antly gratified.    There  is  no  more  striking  proof  of  this  than  that  when 


47 

the  State  of  Illinois  chose  Frances  E.  Willard  as  the  subject  of  one  of 
the  two  statues  representing  the  State  in  Statuary  Hall  at  Washington. 
She  was  the  only  woman  so  chosen  by  any  state.  But  the  marble  figure 
represents  more  than  a  person — it  represents  a  far-reaching  influence. 
This  was  exerted  through  manifold  channels :  publications,  educational 
work  in  schools,  effort  affecting  legislation,  public  meetings,  endeavor 
in  directions  innumerable,  all  under  the  guidance  of  the  national  and 
world  organizations  of  which  Miss  Willard  was  the  head. — Adapted 
from  "Causes  and  Their  Champions"  by  Howe. 

THE  BETTER  WAY 

He  serves  his  country  best 
Who  joins  the  tide  that  lifts  her  nobly  on ; 
For  speech  has  myriad  tongues  for  every  day. 
And  song  but  one ;  and  law  within  the  breast 
Is  stronger  than  the  graven  law  on  stone ; 
There  is  a  better  way. 

He  serves  his  country  best 

Who  lives  pure  life  and  doeth  righteous  deed, 
And  walks  straight  paths,  however  others  stray, 
And  leaves  his  sons,  as  uttermost  bequest, 
A  stainless  record,  which  all  men  may  read ; 
This  is  the  better  way. 

— Susan  Coolidge. 

PLEDGES   TO   THE  FLAG 

"I  give  my  head  and  my  heart  to  God  and  my  country — one  country, 
one  language,  one  flag!" 

"I  pledge  allegiance  to  my  flag  and  to  the  republic  for  which  it 
stands — one  nation,  indivisible,  with  liberty  and  justice  for  all." 

OUR  FLAG— WHAT  IT  MEANS 

Our  flag  means  all  that  our  fathers  meant  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 

It  means  all  that  the  Declaration  of  Independence  meant. 

It  means  justice. 

It  means  liberty. 

It  means  happiness. 

Our  flag  carries  American  ideals,  American  history  and  American 
feelings. 

Every  color  means  liberty. 

Every  thread  means  liberty. 

Every  star  means  liberty. 

Every  stripe  means  liberty. 

The  flag  does  not  mean  lawlessness,  but  liberty  through  law,  and  laws 
for  liberty. 

Forget  not  what  it  means.  For  the  sake  of  its  ideals  be  true  to  your 
country's  flag. — Adapted  from  an  address  by  Henry  Ward  Beecher. 


48 

PAGEANT— OUR  COUNTRY'S  PURPOSE 

(Exercise  for  seven  pupils.  Appropriate  costumes  may  be  used  if 
desired  but  are  not  essential.  All  except  "Alcoholic  Drinks"  carry- 
American  flags.     "Alcoholic  Drinks"  might  carry  the  black  flag.) 

Herald:  I  am  the  Spirit  of  America.  When  our  fathers  founded  this 
nation,  they  declared  something  new  in  government.  They  said  that 
the  purpose  of  government  was  to  protect  and  secure  the  rights,  not  of 
the  few,  but  of  all  the  people.     Stand  forth  and  tell  us  what  they  did. 

First  Pupil:  I  am  the  Mayflower  Compact.  When  the  Pilgrims  came 
to  America  in  1760,  before  they  landed  to  make  their  homes  they  met 
in  the  cabin  of  the  Mayflower  and  signed  a  paper  which  they  called  a 
compact.  In  it  they  agreed  together  that  for  the  good  of  all  they  would 
make  laws  for  themselves,  and  that  they  would  obey  those  laws. 

Second  Pupil:  I  am  the  Declaration  of  Independence:  When  our 
ancestors  signed  me  in  1776,  I  declared  that  the  object  of  a  government 
is  to  protect  the  lives,  liberty,  safety,  and  happiness  of  all  the  people. 

Third  Pupil :  I  am  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  When  our 
fathers  adopted  me  in  1788,  they  agreed  to  the  reasons  I  give  for  estab- 
lishing our  government.  One  of  these  reasons  is  to  promote  the  public 
welfare,  that  is,  the  well-being  of  all  the  people. 

In  Unison:  The  only  reason  we  have  a  government  is  to  give  right 
and  justice  to  all  who  live  under  it. 

(Fourth  pupil,  "Alcoholic  Liquor,"  steals  up  behind  the  speakers.) 

Herald:     Who  are  you,  and  why  are  you  here? 

Fourth  Pupil:  I  am  Alcoholic  Liquor.  I  came  with  the  fathers  to 
America.  They  did  not  understand  then  that  I  would  be  an  enemy 
to  the  welfare  of  the  people.  Even  in  the  early  days  I  caused  drunken- 
ness and  trouble.  The  people  used  more  and  more  of  me.  Many  en- 
joyed me,  but  I  caused  sickness  and  accidents.  I  made  many  strong 
men  weak,  made  slaves  of  their  wills,  took  their  money,  so  that  their 
homes  were  wretched  and  unhappy.  I  thus  stole  the  rights  of  their 
children  to  be  happy,  often  leaving  them  cold,  hungry  or  cruelly 
treated.  But  the  liquor  traffic  that  sold  me  wanted  the  money  of  your 
people.  It  still  wants  it.  It  started  the  very  first  rebellion  against 
the  laws  of  the  young  United  States.  It  still  disobeys  the  laws  now  to 
sell  me.     (Folds  arms  defiantly.) 

Herald:  What  defenses  has  America  against  this  enemy,  Alcoholic 
Liquor,  that  would  make  slaves  of  many  men  and  spoil  the  rights  of 
children  ? 

Fifth  Pupil:  I  am  one.  I  am  a  Decision  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court,  the  highest  court  in  the  land.  Many  years  ago,  I  re- 
membered that  our  fathers  planned  a  government  that  should  protect 
the  welfare  of  the  people.  Everybody  knew  that  the  general  use  of 
alcoholic  liquors  might  do  harm  to  the  health,  the  safety  and  the  morals 
of  the  people,  that  it  caused  some  of  the  idleness,  disorder,  poverty,  and 


49 

crime  that  made  people  wretched.     Hence  I  said  that  no  citizen  of  the 
United  States  had  an  inherent  right  to  sell  intoxicating  liquors. 

Sixth  Pupil:  And  I  am  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  to  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States.  Because  our  government  was  founded  to 
promote  the  welfare  of  all  its  citizens,  and  because  the  traffic  in  alco- 
holic liquors  hurt  men  and  women  and  made  children  unhappy,  the 
American  people,  after  fighting  intemperance  more  than  a  century, 
put  me  into  the  Constitution.    Here  are  my  commands : 

1.  After  one  year  from  the  ratification  of  this  article,  the  manufac- 

ture, sale  or  transportation  of  intoxicating  liquors  within,  the 
importation  thereof  into,  the  exportation  thereof  from  the  United 
States  and  all  territory  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  thereof  for 
beverage  purposes  is  hereby  prohibited. 

2.  The  Congress  and  the  several  states  shall  have  concurrent  power  to 

enforce  this  article  by  appropriate  legislation. 

Seventh  Pupil:  I  am  a  Message  of  the  President  of  the  United 
States.  I  declare  that  though  "character,  industry,  thrift  and  self-con- 
trol must  come  from  the  people  themselves,"  nevertheless,  "the  govern- 
ment can  and  should  always  be  vigilant  to  maintain  the  conditions  under 
which  these  virtues  are  most  likely  to  develop.  This  is  the  American 
policy.  In  accordance  with  this  principle  we  have  enacted  laws  to 
protect  the  public  health,  and  have  adopted  prohibition  in  narcotic 
drugs  and  intoxicating  liquor." 

Herald:  All  this  our  fathers  have  done  for  us.  What  is  our  part  in 
making  America  completely  free  from  the  evils  of  alcoholic  liquors? 

In  Unison:  To  refuse  to  encourage  by  our  example  the  drinking 
customs  that  lead  to  enslaving  drink  habits. 

To  help  make  known  the  harmful  effects  of  alcoholic  liquors. 

To  obey  the  laws  forbidding  the  liquor  traffic. 

To  unite  with  others  in  defending  our  country  from  the  drink  traffic. 

(Join  hands.)     IN"  UNION  THEEE  IS  STRENGTH. 

(As  pupils  join  hands,   "Alcoholic  Liquor"  turns  away  and  slowly 
retires  with  bent  head  as  pupils  sing  from  "America  the  Beautiful" :) 
O  beautiful  for  patriotic  dream 
That  sees  beyond  the  years 
Thy  alabaster  cities  gleam 
Undimmed  by  human  tears. 

(Pupils  turn  and  march  in  other  direction  from  "Alcoholic  Liquor" 
while  entire  school  joins  in  singing :) 
America,  America, 
God  send  his  grace  on  thee, 
And  crown  thy  good  with  brotherhood 
From  sea  to  shining;  sea. 


50 


A  NATION'S  BUILDERS 

Not  gold,  but  only  men  can  make 

A   people   great   and   strong — 
Men  who,  for  truth  and  honor's  sake, 

Stand  fast  and  suffer  long. 
Brave  men,  who  work  while  others  sleep 

Who  dare  while  others  fly — 
They  build  a  nation's  pillars  deep 

And  lift  them  to  the  sky. 

— Ralph  Waldo  Emerson. 


THE   OLD    NORTH    STATE 


(Traditional  air   as  sung  in  1926) 


William   Gaston 
With  spirit 


Collected  and  arranged 
by  Mrs.  E.  E.  Randolph 


1.  Car-o    - 

2.  Tho'  she 

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Old  North  State  for -ev    -    er,       Hur 


rah! 

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Hur  -  rah!   the  good  Old  North  State. 


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Pamphlet 

Binder 

Gaylord  Bros. 

Makers 
Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

PAT.  JAN  21,  1908 


; '      ■        '■-■■■  ;-     ■ 


UNIVERSITY  OF  N.C.  AT  CHAPEL  HILL 


00034033929 


FOR  USE  ONLY  IN 
THE  NORTH  CAROLINA  COLLECT] 


